Download Introduction to Modernism

Introduction
What is Literature?
It reflects religious, historical, cultural traditions.
language
written works: poetry, fiction,
artistically
drama,
ect.
usednonfiction,
to
a term
used to
Itsused
formtoincludesa term
achieve
describe
describe
non-written
identifiable
languages
in materials:
writtenoral
or
literary
literature,
folk tales,
legend.
artistic
spoken
qualities and
organization
material
to convey
meaningful
messages
Why do we need to study literature?
to understand the
conditions of society at the
time they were written
for pleasure
for
relaxation
reading
for artistic
appreciation
to confront
experience
to acquire
knowledge
Why do we need to study literature?
 Literature speaks to us, it is universal, and
it affects us.
 Good literature is produced by good
minds.
 Why don’t we reach up for progress on our
own when we can “stand on the shoulders
of giants?”
Cultural traditions of American literature
Christianity
Greek
Mythology
The story of
King Arthur
& his knights
foundation of American literature
Historical Background of American Literature
early
history
belief
What do you
know about
American
early history?
people
1. early history
1) In 1492, Christopher Columbus found the
new continent called America.
2) In 1607, Captain John Smith led some
Englishmen across the ocean.
3) In 1620, 102 passengers sailed on the ship
Mayflower across the sea and settled on the new
continent “New England”.
2. people
native inhabitants: Indians
Immigrants mostly from Europe:
Spanish; Dutch; French
English immigrants, Jamestown, Virginia,
1607
Puritans
advocated religious
&moral principles
a group of
religious people
Calvinists
a code of values
a philosophy of life
a point of view
3. belief---Puritanism took roots in the New World
Puritans wanted to “purify the
church” to its original state, because
they thought the church was
corrupted and had too many rituals
American Puritanism
1
2
3
Doctrines
features
of
of
American
American
Puritans
Puritan
American
Puritan’s
influences
on
literature
Doctrines of Puritans
 taking religion as the most important
thing;
 living for glorifying God;
 believing predestination（命运天定）,
original sin(原罪，人生下来就是有罪的，因
为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的), total
depravity(人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处处
小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取悦上
帝), limited atonement (有限救赎，只有被上
帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救)
Features of American Puritan
1. American Puritans are Idealists.
They had a dream. They would built the new
land to an Eden on earth.
2. American Puritans are more practical, tougher.
They lived in the severe conditions, struggled
for survival, preoccupied with business and
profits
It’s influences on American Literature
Enduring shaping influence on literature
①It is the basis of American literature
dreamed of living under a
perfect order
worked with courage
hoped to build an Eden of
Garden on earth
faced the worst of life with
optimism
went into
the making
of
American
literature
All literature is based on a myth – garden of
Eden.
②It contributes to the development of
Symbolism（象征主义）: a technique, widely
used
Symbolism means using symbols in literary works.
The symbol means something represents or stands
for abstract deep meaning.
Puritans thought that all the
simple objects existing in the
world connoted 隐含 deep meaning.
③It influences the style of literature:
simple, fresh and direct (just as the
style of the Authorized Version of
Holy Bible)
Without understanding of Puritanism, there
can be no real understanding of American
culture and literature.
American Puritan’s influences on literature
It is the basis of American literature.
It contributes to the development of
Symbolism.
It influences the style of literature.
Brief Outline of American literature
1. Colonial and
Revolutionary
period
5. After the WWII
4. The Modern
period
2.Romanticism
3.The age of
Realism
Colonial and Revolutionary period
Time:
the settlement of North America
the Independence War
1607
1783
Major topic: American Puritanism
American Romanticism
Time:
the Independence War
the Civil War
American ideal of
democracy & equality,
industrialization,
westward expansion,
foreign influences
1783
1861
possible &
inevitable
literary
expansion &
expression
Washington Irving
James Fenimore Cooper
『Irving’s Major Works』
his 1st book, under
a success, won
the name Diedrich
him popularity
Knickerbocker
History of New York from the Beginning of
the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty «
纽约外史» (1809)
satirized politics, history
and government of 19th century
America
『Irving’s Major Works』
 first in installment 分期连载 in America,
then in full version in England
 won him international recognition
 achieved a distinct American tone
and theme
 proved that an American writer could
win a British and continental audience
The Sketch Book
33 essays and stories:
«见闻札记»
 “Rip Van Winkle”《瑞普凡·温可尔
》
 “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”《
睡谷的传说》
Cooper’s Major Literary Works
Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》
the adventures of the American frontiers
The
Deerslayer
《杀鹿者》
( 1841 )
The Last
of the
Mohicans
《最后的
莫西干人》
( 1826 )
The
Pathfinder
《探路人》
( 1840 )
The
Pioneers
《拓荒者》
( 1823 )
The
Prairie
《大草原》
( 1827 )
The hero: Natty Bumppo 奈迪 Pathfinder, Deerslayer
Leather-stocking—his wearing leather leggings
The themes of The Pioneers
•
•
•
•
•
wilderness vs. civilization
freedom vs. law
order vs. change
aristocrat vs. democrat
natural rights vs. legal rights
literary achievements
1
2
3
He created
a myth about
the formative
period of
the American
nation.
He turned
the west
and frontier
as a
useable past
He helped
to introduce
western
tradition
to American
literature
chose of
a new
area
history of the USA -- the process
the settlers
of subject frontier
matter(题材)
exploring and pushing the American
westward
in Leatherstocking Tales is the same of the American
national experience.
Summit of Romanticism
Transcendentalism (American Renaissance)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Fillip Thoreau
What is transcendentalism?
Latin verb: transcendere
transcendentalism
to rise above, or to pass beyond
limits
• Transcendentalism is defined as the
recognition in man of the capacity of
acquiring knowledge transcending the
reach of the five senses, or of knowing
truth intuitively(凭直觉的), or of reaching
the divine without the need of an
intercessor仲裁者.
• Emerson: "What is popularly called
Transcendentalism among us is
idealism; idealism as appears in 1842."
an informal discussing group--Transcendentalist Club
Some American intellectuals met irregularly at
Emerson’s home in Concord 康科德 for the
purpose of discussing matters of interest to
the life of the nation and the new ideas on
life and society.
Major Works
point of view
aesthetic ideas
1) Nature «论自然»
his first book expressing the main
principles of Transcendentalism
It is regarded as "America's Declaration of
Intellectual Independence"
Thoreau’s Life Experience
On July 4, 1845，he moved to a cabin
on Walden Pond,; lived there for 2
years
Thoreau’s Life Experience
6 weeks a year
planting beans
and working to
support a
decent life, but
writing and
enjoying nature
most of the time
for the rest of
the year.
a collection of nature essays
masterpiece
4) Walden
«沃尔登湖»
another name,
Life in the Woods
a great Transcendentalist work.
a book about man, what he is,
and what he should be and
must be.
full of ideas expressed to
persuade his neighbors out of
their complacency(自满)
Walden
• emphasizes the importance of self-reliance,
solitude, contemplation, and closeness to
nature.
• The book is not a traditional autobiography,
but combines autobiography with a social
critique of contemporary Western culture‘s
consumerist(消费主义的） and materialist
attitudes and its distance from and
destruction of nature.
the most
controversial
& the most
misunderstood
Edgar Allen Poe
a poet
poems
a short story writer
short stories
themes
theory for poetry
a critic
critic works
theory for short story
Themes
• Poe is interested in the deep abyss of the
unconscious and subconscious mental activity of
the people.
1. death – predominant theme
“Poe is not interested in anything alive.
Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.”
2. horror
“如果在我的许多作品中恐怖一直是主题，
那我坚持认为那种恐怖不是日耳曼式的
(感官刺激)，而是心灵式的——我一直仅
仅是从这种恐怖的合理源头将其演绎，并
仅仅是将其驱向合理的结果。”
Poe’s achievements
1. His aesthetics, his call for "the
rhythmical creation of beauty" have
influenced French symbolists and the
devotees of "art for art's sake."
2. He was the father of psychoanalytic(心
理分析的) criticism
3. He was the father of the detective story.
Late Romanticism
not
optimistic
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville
Major Works
point of view
writing Style
The Scarlet Letter
aesthetic ideas
• Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply.
He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan
ancestors who played an important role in his life
and works.
• Melville : “霍桑描写黑暗的巨大力量，是由于受
到加尔文派教义关于与生俱来的堕落与原罪思想
的影响。没有一位思想深邃的人能完全摆脱这种
思想所发生的各种形式的影响。”
• Hawthorne评价Melville: “他既不肯信教，又对
自己的不信感到惶恐不安。” 对霍桑同样适用
。
Evil is at the core of human life.
Hawthorne
sense of sin and evil
in life, “black” vision
of life and human
literary world
Evil exists in the human
rejects
the heart is the
heart,
human
Transcendentalist
source
of evil. Everyone
optimism
possesses
some evil secretly.
Evil is man’s birthmark.
is a most disturbed
and tormented one.
He discuses sin and
evil in almost every
book
looks more deeply and
more honestly into life,
finding much suffering &
conflict in it
Major Works
point of view
writing Style
The Scarlet Letter
lover
heroine
Hester Prynne
Arthur
Dimmesdale
daughter
Pearl
aesthetic ideas
husband
Roger
Chillingworth
Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil
can be passed from generation to generation.
For example
The House of the Seven Gables
«七个尖角阁的房子»
“God will
give him
blood to
drink”
Colonel Pyncheon takes the land of Matthew Maule
and builds a house on the land---is haunted by
ghost---his offspring wither and die out
masterpiece, which established
him as the leading American
native novelist of the 19th century
Herman Melville
Three important things in his life:
1) Going out to sea
2) His marriage
3) His friendship with Hawthorne
received recognition until the 1920s
Moby Dick
an encyclopedia
of everything
a Shakespearean
tragedy of man
fighting against
fates
history, philosophy,
religion, the
whaling industry
themes
 1) Melville's bleak view (negative attitude):
the sense of futility and meaninglessness of the world.
 2) alienation (far away from each other) exists between
man and man, man and society, and man and nature.
 3) loneliness and suicidal individualism
(individualism causing disaster and death)
 4）rejection and quest
Romantic Poets
Walt Whitman
Emily Dickenson
Similarities
pioneers in American poetry
thematically
praised an emergent
America, its expansion,
its individualism and
its Americanness.
technically
added to the literary
independence
breaking free of the
convention of the iambic
pentameter(五步抑扬格);
exhibiting a freedom in form
differences
Keeps his eye on
society,
is “national” in his
outlook
catalogs are endless,
all-inclusive
Whitman
Dickenson
Keeps her eye on
inner life of the
individual,
is “regional” in
her outlook
diction and syntax
are concise, direct
and simple
Whitman and Emerson
• He was more indebted to Emerson than any
other nineteenth-century American author.
(P90)
• Both Whitman and Emerson wrote on the
organic principle. To them, art should be based
on nature; the poet's work grows out of nature
and derives its form from within.
• Only Emerson supported his first edition of
leaves of Grass.
The title---significant
 where there is earth, where there is
water, there is grass.
 Grass, the most common thing with the
greatest vitality, is
 an image of the poet himself,
 a symbol of the rising American
nation
 an embodiment of his ideals about
democracy and freedom.
Comments on Leaves of Grass
Leaves of Grass
9 editions
12 poems
383 poems
a powerful epic
of the self in free verse
1. the individualism,
the love of freedom,
striving for personal expression
2. the Civil War
4. New York
3. man and nature
Dickinson’s Life Experience
She was born into one of Amherst, Massachusetts’
most prominent families in 1830.
Her father is a Yale graduate, successful lawyer,
Treasurer财务主管 for Amherst College and
a United States Congressman.
She never married in her whole life.
Dickinson’s Life Experience
She seldom left Amherst.
she only made one trip as far
as Washington and two or
three trips to Boston.
Then She withdrew from social contact,
devoted herself in secret into writing.
Dickinson’s Life Experience
• Dickinson was “bereaved” 失 去 亲 人 的
twice when she lost her “tutors”:
Benjamin Newton
(1853)
Charles Wadsworth
(1882)
law student in her
father’s office, may
have been responsible
for introducing her to
Emerson and other
literary influences.
the married minister,
for whom Emily
Dickinson may have
affection.
My life closed twice before its close
•
•
•
•
My life closed twice before its close—
It yet remains to see
If Immortality unveil
我已经失去了两位亲人， 可是，我
依然不知道 上天是否还安排了 第三
次？ 如此痛苦，如此绝望， 那两次
A third event to me
•
•
•
•
So huge, so hopeless to conceive
As these that twice befell.
Parting is all we know of heaven,
And all we need of hell.
生离死别。 逝者，因此看到天堂，
生者，因此品尝地狱。
Dickinson’s poems
1775 poems in all
Only 7 poems were published during
her lifetime
After her death the poems were
discovered accidentally by her sister
Her poems are based on her own
experiences, her sorrows and joys.
Nowadays her fame kept rising.
Modernism:
Eliot, Hemingway,
Fitzgerald,
Faulkner,
Steinbeck…
1945
Romanticism:
Irving, Cooper,
Emerson,
Thoreau,
Hawthorne,
Melville, Poe
1914
1861
1783
Revolutionary
Period: Franklin
Realism:
Howells, James, Mark Twain,
Jack London, O.Henry,
Crane, Dreiser
American Realism
Representatives
Three giants
William Dean Howells
middle class；
genteel realism
Henry James
upper class；
psychological
realism
Mark Twain
lower class；
local colorism
Theodore Dreiser
Naturalists
Stephen Crane
Frank Norris
Henry James
亨利•詹姆斯
(1843—1916)
Literary career: three stages
1865
1st
international theme
The American 《美国人》
Daisy Miller 《黛西米勒》
The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》
1882
2nd
inter-personal relationships
and some plays
1895
3rd
1990
deal with childhood and
adolescence, then back to
international theme
The Turn of the Screw《螺丝在拧紧》
What Maisie Knew 《梅西所知道的》
The Ambassadors 《奉使记》
The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》
The Golden Bowl 《金碗》
James’s international theme
his fame rests upon his novels with
James’s Novels
are set against a large
international
background, usually
between Europe and
America
focus on the confrontation
of the two different
cultures with two different
groups of people
representing two different
value systems
The age of Realism
Time:
the Civil War
1861
the First World War
1914
concern for the common-place
offer an objective view
The Age of Realism
Mark Twain
(1) His use of colloquial language, dialects
His words are colloquial, short, concrete and direct in
effect
His sentence structures are simple or compound. Some
sentences are even ungrammatical, which is typical of
the spoken language.
His characters, confined to a particular region and to a
particular historical moment, speak with a strong
accent. Different characters from different literary or
cultural backgrounds talk differently.
Twain was a master of language.
Twain has made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary
medium.
Local color
Twain preferred to present social life
through portraits of the local characters of
his regions, including people living in that
area, the landscape, and other peculiarities
like the customs, dialects, costumes and so
on.
Twain drew heavily from his own rich fund
of knowledge of people and places.
Local color
The rich material of his boyhood experience
on the Mississippi became the endless
resources for his fiction, and the Mississippi
valley and the West became his major theme.
 Mark Twain wrote about the lower-class
people, because they were the people he
knew so well and their 1ife was the one he
himself had lived.
Background
the outbreak of the Civil War
1880’s urbanization
the closing of American frontier
1. Commerce took the lead in the
national economy.
1)
that of
theself-reliance
frontier was
2. Now
The spirit
became
about
to close andinto
theasafety
perverted(反常的）
lust for
valve
was
to operate.
money
andceasing
power.North
1)The
industrialized
The American
lose
theirand
3.Increasing
industrialization
defeated
the agrarian
South,
produced
extremes
of toward
wealth
imagination.
thedream
Unitedand
States
headed
and poverty.
Wealth and
power
2)Beneath
the glittering
surface
capitalism.
were
more andthere
morelay
of
prosperity
2)The
war
taught men
that life,
concentrated in the hands of the
suffering
man
and Godand
wereunhappiness.
not so good.
few "captains of industry“. In the
What
had
been
3)The
war
marked
aexpected
change
into
the
meantime,
millions
of people
be
a of
"Golden
Age"
turned
out
quality
American
life,
a
were
struggling
for
survival.
to be a "Gilded"
one. moral
deterioration
of American
values.
What is American Realism?
1865 to 1914
American
Realism
against Romanticism
paved the way to Modernism
Characteristics of American Realism
1
truthful description of life
2
typical character under typical circumstance
31 objective rather than idealized, close observation and
investigation of life
4
concerned with social and psychological problems
5
open-ending: leaves much room for readers to think by
themselves
American Naturalism
Background
• Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species exerted a
strong impact in the history of Western thought.
• Darwinism: the origin of species is derived by
descent(血统)， with variation from parent forms
through the natural selection of those best adapted
to survive for existence, survival of the fittest, and
natural selection.
• Since people are interested in using Darwinian
thought, the writers found a way to explain human
behavior according to Darwin’s natural selection.
Emergence
• Time: the second half of the 19th C the early 20th
C
• Emile Zola(左拉): the purpose of a novelist was to
be a scientist, to place his characters in a
situation and then to watch the influences of
heredity and environment destroy them, or to
watch them overcome the inimical有害的 force of
heredity and environment.
• Therefore, heredity and environment had an
influence over human ability to survive.
American writers began to see that
human beings were no longer free
and strong in a cold, indifferent world
and that human life was governed by
the two forces of heredity and
environment.
A literary movement:
American Naturalism
American writers held that
Howellsian realism was too genteel
in tone to reveal the harsh reality
The Rise of Silas Lapham 《塞拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹》
Difference between Realism and naturalism
• The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a
radical break with Realism, rather the new
style is a logical extension of it. American
naturalism was a new and harsher realism.
• Naturalism adapts the Darwinian concepts to
literature. It views human beings as animals in
the natural world responding to environmental
forces and internal stresses, over none of which
they have control and one of which they fully
understand.
1) Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and
environment.
2) The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and
hostile to human desires.
3)
The naturalists believed in the theory of “a slice
of life”, to cut a slice out of life to represent life in
its totality. They aimed at a representation of real
life as it was, without any selection of details.
• Naturalists dismiss the realists as far too “genteel“. They look
at a different spot to find real life. They do not look at the
average, but at the violent, sordid, unpleasant, and ugly
aspects of life. They would go to the slums and write about the
life of poverty and crime.
1865 to 1914
American
Realism
against Romanticism
paved the way to Modernism
Representatives
Three giants
William Dean Howells
middle class；
genteel realism
Henry James
upper class；
psychological
realism
Mark Twain
lower class；
local colorism
Theodore Dreiser
Naturalists
Stephen Crane
Frank Norris
Naturalism
Stephen Crane
Theodore Dreiser
Magie, A Girl of
the Streets
Sister Carrie
Introduction to the 20th Century American
Literature
The Historical Background
eventful
the First World War
full of
great events
the stock market crash
（股票市场暴跌）
the Great Depression
（经济大萧条时期）
violence,
devastation 毁坏
blood and death
the bombing
of Pearl Harbor
The Historical Background
telephones, radios, automobiles
All affected
the lives of
all Americans.
1. the booming industry
and material prosperity
2. a strong sense of
social breakdown
from order
to disorder
strikes & unemployment
Farmers were driven off land
political corruptions,
the radical labor force,
organized crimes
The Rise of the Modern American Literature
• The First World War stands as a dividing line
between the nineteenth century and contemporary
America.
• In the years between the two world wars American
literature achieved a new diversity and reached its
greatest heights.
Presentation The
Background
The Roaring Twenties
1920s
The Jazz Age
The Lost Generation
The Background: the Jazz Age
The twentieth century
Its main characteristics
a flourishing period
irrationalism presented
in modernism and post-modernism
accompanied with
naturalism and post-realism
The Background
the social background both
at home and abroad
The flourishing
of American
literature
owns to
the influence of European
ideologies
the result of
globalization
The Background
Social & Economical
Great Depression
(Economic Crisis)
Political:
the following
aspects
Two World Wars And
Prohibition Movement
•Cultural:
•Culture Globalization
(esp. Existentialism in
Europe)
The Background (the roaring twenties)
All affected
the lives of
all Americans.
telephones, radios, automobiles
2. a strong sense of
social breakdown
from order
to disorder
1. the booming industry
and material prosperity
strikes & unemployment
Farmers were driven off land
political corruptions,
the radical labor force,
organized crimes
The Historical Background (the roaring twenties)
All affected
the lives of
all Americans.
science against Puritanism
3. The Trial That Rocked the
World ( Darrow against Bryan )
斯哥普斯审判
4. Alcoholic Prohibition
from order
to disorder
morality and responsibility
morality and culture
禁酒令
• 1920年1月2日，禁止酿造和发售酒类的《沃尔
斯特法令》在美国生效。长期以来，舆论界强
烈主张禁酒，但是，需要有一个全国性的法令
来最终完成禁酒的使命。美国20年代国会立法
颁布了禁酒令，理由就是酒是犯罪的根源。简
单的说是妇女运动造成的。由于酗酒造成了很
多家庭暴力问题，为了保护妇女权益就实施了
禁酒令。而且酒在宗教上也和罪相联系，也是
宗教组织所反对的。但是禁酒令反而造成私酒
泛滥，很多人通过贩卖私酒中饱私囊。《了不
起的盖茨比》中的主角盖茨比就是靠贩私酒发
家的（虽然小说里没有明说，但是所谓药房，
就是指私酒坊。因为唯一可以合法贩卖的酒精
是医用酒精）。
禁酒令
• 工业资本家认为工人饮酒影响劳动纪律和生产
效率，于是在他们施加压力的情况下，国会于
1919年颁布了宪法第十八条修正案：“自本条
批准一年以后，凡在合众国及其管辖土地境内
，酒类饮料的制造、售卖或转运，均应禁止。
其输出或输入于合众国及其管辖的领地，亦应
禁止。”这一修正案也得到美国基督教新教徒
的支持，因为他们有一种禁欲苦行，节俭自制
的思想倾向，禁酒令符合他们的要求。但这修
正案的实施，引起了非法酿造、出卖和走私酒
类饮料的新的犯罪行为，禁而不止，而联邦及
各州政府又需要以酒税补充其财政收入，1933
年国会颁布宪法第二十条修正案废止了禁酒令
。
The Cutural Background: the Jazz Age
The Lost Generation
breakout of
the W.W.I
many young men
“the war
to end wars”
迷惘的一代
disgusted
American writer,
Gertrude Stein
left America
community
in Paris
Began to write their
own experiences
in the war
new modes of
thought and expression
disillusioned
迷惘的一代
• 第一次世界大战后美国的一个文学流派。
20年代初，侨居巴黎的美国女作家格·斯
泰因对海明威说：“你们都是迷惘的一代
。”海明威把这句话作为他第一部长篇小
说《太阳照常升起》的题词，“迷惘的一
代”从此成为这批虽无纲领和组织但有相
同的创作倾向的作家的称谓。所谓“迷惘
”，是指他们共有的彷徨和失望情绪。“
迷惘的一代”尽管是一个短暂的潮流，但
它在美国文学史上的地位是确定了的。
The Background
indicating an impulse
towards creating sth. new
modernism
“Make it new”
Ezra Pound
The Rise of the Modern American Literature
The First World
War
the nineteenth
century
contemporary
America
In the years between the two world
wars, American literature achieved a
new diversity and reached its greatest
heights.
Introduction to Modernism
• early modernism (1890s-1918)
• high modernism (1922)
• post-modernism (after the W.W.II)
Introduction to Modernism
• It lasts for a long period.
• It turns out a lot of writers and
master- pieces in this period.
• It becomes the mainstream of
literature.
现代主义文学产生的基础：
• 1, social crises 社会危机是现代主义文学
的土壤
• 2, irrationalism 非理性主义是现代主义文
学的思想,哲学基础
• 3, modern science现代科学是现代主义进
行“革命”的科学基础
• 4, new understanding of literature 文学观
念更新是现代主义文学发展的内在因素
•
Modernism
• novelty新奇in form: Modernism lies in
the combination of time, sense and
technique.
• no structure of unity(fragmentation),
no logical development, open ending
• Obscurity in language
• Tragedy
Modernism
• A renewed interest in non-Western
cultures
• Literary explorations of the
psychological depths (stream of
consciousness)
• Irony and ambiguity (favored
rhetorical modes )
The Rise of American Modernism
establishing a modern
tradition of literature
T. S. Eliot 艾略特
The Waste Land
«荒原» in 1922
the most significant
The modernity of the
American poem full of poem reaches the peak.
stream of consciousness
The Rise of American Modernism
Main Street «大街», in 1920
Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱 刘易斯
denunciation（谴责，斥责）
of American small-town
provincialism（偏狭守旧观念）
The Rise of American Modernism
F. Scott Fitzgerald
the Jazz Age
The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖兹比》
summarized the experiences
and attitudes of the decade
The Rise of American Modernism
Earnest Hemingway
The Sun Also Rises
《太阳照样升起》
A Farewell to Arms
《永别了，武器》
The Sound and the Fury
《喧嚣与骚动》
William Faulkner
The Rise of American Modernism
The Grapes of Wrath
《愤怒的葡萄》
John Steinbeck
the sweat-drenched (hard) lives
of factory workers and immigrant farmers
The American Modernism
Eugene O’Neill
an American
playwright
The Emperor Jones,
《琼斯皇帝》,
Anna Christie
《安娜·克瑞斯蒂》
The Hairy Ape
《毛猿》
A Long Day's Journey
into the Night
《长夜漫漫，路遥遥》或
《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》
Extension The Nobel Prize Winners
颁奖词：文学成就和艺术风格
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1) Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱·刘易斯(1930)
2) Eugene O’Neill 尤金·奥尼尔(1936)
3) Pearl Buck赛珍珠(1938)
4) T. S. Eliot 艾略特(1948)
5）William Faulkner 威廉姆·福克纳(1949)
6) Ernest Hemingway 海明威(1954)
7) John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克(1962)
8)Toni Morrison (1993)