Download Reconstruction - Thomas County Schools

Unit 4
Reconstruction:
The Nation Reunited
Unit Focus
• In this unit, students will learn how the
United States reunited after the Civil War.
Students will understand how beliefs and ideals
of the North and South influenced changes to
laws and the Constitution. The students
examine the work of the Freedman’s Bureau
to understand how individuals, groups, and
institutions can affect society. Finally, by
thinking about conflict and change and
production, distribution, and consumption,
students will learn the effects of the Civil War
on the daily life and the economy of the
North and South.
Essential Questions
How do beliefs and
Ideals influence the
decisions people make?
How does conflict
cause change?
How did the destruction
of the Civil War determine
the economics of
Reconstruction?
What were the intentional
and unintentional
Consequences of what
people said and did as
a part of Reconstruction?
Learning Standards
• SS5H1 e
The student will explain the causes, major
events, and consequences of the Civil War.
• SS5H2
a-b-c
The student will analyze the effects of
Reconstruction on American life
Learning Standards
• SS5CG1
c-d
The student will explain how a citizen’s rights are
protected under the U. S. Constitution.
• SS5CG2
a-b
The student will explain the process by which
amendments to the U. S Constitution are made.
• SS5CG3
b
The student will explain how amendments to the
U. S Constitution have maintained a representative
democracy.
Learning Standards
• SS5E2
a
The student will describe the functions of
four major sectors in the U. S. economy.
• SS5E3
a-b
The student will describe how consumers and
businesses interact in the united States across
time.
Enduring Understandings
How do beliefs and
Ideals influence the
decisions people make?
How does conflict
cause change?
How did the destruction
of the Civil War determine
the production, distribution and
consumptions of goods and
services during
Reconstruction?
What were the intentional
and unintentional
Consequences of what
people said and did as
a part of Reconstruction?
EFFECTS OF THE WAR
The Civil War had major effects on the
North and the South. Thousands of
young men from both regions died or
were wounded during the war. Many
returned home missing legs, arms, or
bearing other scars from the fighting.
Both sides experienced great human
suffering.
• Economically: The two regions were affected
differently. The North prospered. Its
manufacturing and industries grew. More
people were employed as the Union worked to
support its war effort. The southern
economy, on the other hand, suffered. The
South had depended on cash crops. The end
of slavery meant that it no longer had its
main source of labor. Since most of the
fighting took place in the South, many of the
region’s farms and railroads had been
destroyed. At the end of the war, the North
had grown stronger. The South faced an
uncertain future.
EFFECTS OF THE WAR
•
•
•
•
•
•
NORTH
•
Prospered economically
Manufacturing and industries
•
grew
New technologies
•
Boost in steel production
Transportation improved
•
More employed
•
•
SOUTH
Cities, farms, and homes
burned
Railroads and bridges
destroyed
Businesses and industries
destroyed
300,000 men dead
Suffered economically
No main source of labor
• 1865
March 3 The Freedmen's Bureau established.
Provides assistance to emancipated African Americans. Abolished
in 1872.
• April 8 Lee surrenders.
Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox
Court House. Joseph E. Johnston's surrender in North Carolina
on April 18 effectively ends the Civil War.
April 15 President Abraham Lincoln assassinated.
Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes president.
December 6 13th Amendment ratified.
Abolishes slavery in the United States.
• Black Codes enacted.
Southern states enact laws restricting rights of African
Americans.
• 1866
April 9 Civil Rights Act of 1866
Confers citizenship on African Americans and guarantees equal
rights.
• May 1-3 Memphis Race Riot
White civilians and police kill 46 African Americans and
destroy 90 houses, schools, and four churches in Memphis,
Tennessee.
• July 30 New Orleans Race Riot
Police kill more than 40 black and white Republicans and
wound more than 150.
• Ku Klux Klan
A secret organization to intimidate African Americans and
restore white rule is founded in Pulaski, Tennessee.
• 1867
Reconstruction Acts
Congress divides the former Confederacy
into five military districts and requires
elections in which African American
men can vote.
• 1868
• March-May President Johnson's Impeachment Trial
By one vote, the U.S. Senate fails to remove the
president from office.
• July 21 Fourteenth Amendment ratified.
Guarantees due process and equal protection under the
law to African Americans.
• November 3 Ulysses S. Grant elected President.
The former Union general becomes the 18th president.
• 1869
• First Redeemer Government
Tennessee is the first state to
replace a bi-racial Republican state
government with an all-white
Democratic government, followed by
Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia
in 1870.
1870
• February 23 First black senator elected.
Hiram Revels of Mississippi elected to U. S.
Senate as the first black senator.
• March 30 Fifteenth Amendment ratified.
Extends the vote to all male citizens
regardless of race or previous condition of
servitude.
1871
• Forty-second Congress.
Five black members in the House of
Representatives:
– Benjamin S. Turner of Alabama
– Josiah T. Walls of Florida
– Robert Brown Elliot, Joseph H. Rainey and
Robert Carlos DeLarge of South Carolina
• 1872
• Freedmen's Bureau abolished.
• First African American governor.
P. B. S. Pinchback, acting governor of
Louisiana from December 9, 1872 to January
13, 1873. Pinchback, a black politician, was the
first black to serve as a state governor,
although due to white resistance, his tenure
is extremely short.
1874
• Democrats control the Forty-third Congress
For the first time since before the Civil War,
Democrats control both houses of Congress.
– Robert Smalls, black hero of the Civil War,
elected to Congress as representative of
South Carolina.
– Blanche K. Bruce elected to U. S. Senate.
1875
• March 1
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Guarantees equal rights to African Americans
in public accommodations and jury service.
Ruled unconstitutional in 1883.
1867
• Disputed Presidential election
Republicans challenged the validity of the
voting in Souh Carolina, Florida, and
Louisiana.
Wade Hampton inaugurated as governor of South
Carolina.
The election of Hampton, a leader in the
Confederacy, confirms fears that the South is
not committed to Reconstruction.
• 1877
• Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated President.
Electoral Commission awards disputed electoral
votes tot he republican candidate.
• Reconstruction ends.
President Rutherford Hayes withdraws federal
troops from the South protecting the Civil
Rights of African Americans.
President Lincoln’s Plan
 10% Plan
*
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
(December 8, 1863)
*
Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in
the South.
*
He didn’t consult Congress regarding
Reconstruction.
*
Pardon to all but the highest ranking
military and civilian Confederate officers.
*
When 10% of the voting population in the
1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty
and established a government, it would be
recognized.
President Lincoln’s Plan
1864  “Lincoln Governments”
formed in LA, TN, AR
*
*
“loyal assemblies”
They were weak and
dependent on the
Northern army for
their survival.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 Required 50% of the number of
1860 voters to take an “iron clad”
oath of allegiance (swearing they
had never voluntarily aided the
rebellion ).
Senator
Benjamin
Wade
(R-OH)
 Required a state constitutional
convention before the election of
state officials.
 Enacted specific safeguards of
freedmen’s liberties.
Congressman
Henry
W. Davis
(R-MD)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 “Iron-Clad” Oath.
 “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator
Charles Sumner]
 “Conquered Provinces” Position
[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens]
President
Lincoln
Pocket
Veto
Wade-Davis
Bill
Lincoln is Assassinated
Lincoln is Assassinated
On April 14, 1865,
President Lincoln attended
a play at Ford’s Theater
in Washington D.C. John
Wilkes Booth, an actor and
Confederate sympathizer,
entered the private box
and shot Lincoln in the
head. Lincoln died several
hours later.
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands.
 Many former northern
abolitionists risked
their lives to help
southern freedmen.
 Called “carpetbaggers”
by white southern
Democrats.
The Freedmen's Bureau
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned
Land; often referred to as the Freedmen's Bureau, was
established in the War Department by an act of March
3, 1865. The Bureau supervised all relief and educational
activities relating to refugees and freedmen, including
issuing rations, clothing and medicine. The Bureau also
assumed custody of confiscated lands or property in the
former Confederate States, border states, District of
Columbia, and Indian Territory. The bureau records
were created or maintained by bureau headquarters, the
assistant commissioners and the state superintendents
of education and included personnel records and a
variety of standard reports concerning bureau programs
and conditions in the states.
BUILT SCHOOLS
TAUGHT TO READ
AND WRITE
HELD OWN
COURT OF
LAW
HELP WITH
CONTRACTS
AND FAIR PAY
STARTED
COLLEGES
THE
FREEDMEN’S
BUREAU
GAVE FOOD
AND CLOTHING
RECEIVED
MEDICAL CARE
HELP FIND
LOST RELATIVES
GAVE LAND
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through
Southern
Eyes
Plenty to
eat and
nothing to
do.
Freedmen’s Bureau School
Freedmen’s Bureau
The Freedmen’s Bureau was a failure
BECAUSE
the federal government did not provide
adequate (enough) funds (money) to
successfully implement (begin) all the
programs the agency was designed to
provide.
13th Amendment
 Ratified in December, 1865.
 Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist within the
United States or any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
 Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
President Andrew Johnson
 Jacksonian Democrat.
 Anti-Aristocrat.
 White Supremacist.
 Agreed with Lincoln
that states had never
legally left the Union.
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
 Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with
property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to
Johnson)
 In new constitutions, they must accept minimum
conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
 Named provisional governors in Confederate states and
called them to oversee elections for constitutional
conventions.
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
EFFECTS?
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state organizations.
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
Growing Northern Alarm!
 Many Southern state
constitutions fell short of
minimum requirements.
 Johnson granted 13,500 special
pardons.
 Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES
Slavery is Dead?
The Civil Rights Act of 1866
• A federal law in the United States declaring that
everyone born in the U.S. and not subject to any
foreign power is a citizen, without regard to race,
color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary
servitude. As citizens they could make and enforce
contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and
inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and
personal property. Persons who denied these rights to
former slaves were guilty of a misdemeanor and
upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding $1,000, or
imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.
• The activities of organizations such as the Ku
Klux Klan undermined the workings of this
act and it failed to guarantee the civil rights
of African Americans. This statute does not
cover visitors, diplomats, and Native Americans
in the United States on reservations. It was
aimed at the Freedmen (freed slaves) and was
a major policy during Reconstruction. It was
vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, then
passed over his veto by Radical Republicans in
Congress
Black Codes
 Purpose:
*
*
Guarantee stable labor
supply now that blacks
were emancipated.
Restore pre-emancipation
system of race relations.
 Forced many blacks to
become sharecroppers
[tenant farmers].
Congress Breaks with the President
 Congress bars Southern
Congressional delegates.
 Joint Committee on
Reconstruction created.
 February, 1866  President
vetoed the Freedmen’s
Bureau bill.
 March, 1866  Johnson
vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
 Congress passed both bills over
Johnson’s vetoes  1st in
U. S. history!!
Johnson the Martyr / Samson
If my blood is to be shed
because I vindicate the
Union and the preservation
of this government in its
original purity and character,
let it be shed; let an altar to
the Union be erected, and
then, if it is necessary, take
me and lay me upon it, and
the blood that now warms
and animates my existence
shall be poured out as a fit
libation to the Union.
(February 1866)
• The looming showdown between Lincoln and the Congress over
competing reconstruction plans never occurred. The president
was assassinated on April 14, 1865. His successor, Andrew
Johnson of Tennessee, lacked his predecessor’s skills in
handling people; those skills would be badly missed. Johnson’s
plan envisioned the following:
• Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath
• No pardons would be available to high Confederate officials and
persons owning property valued in excess of $20,000
• A state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted
• A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before
being readmitted.
• Most of the seceded states began compliance with the
president’s program. Congress was not in session, so there
was no immediate objection from that quarter. However,
Congress reconvened in December and refused to seat the
Southern representatives.
• Reconstruction had produced another deadlock between the
president and Congress.
th
14
Amendment
 Ratified in July, 1868.
*
*
*
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the
rights and security of freed people.
Insure against neo-Confederate political
power.
Enshrine the national debt while repudiating
that of the Confederacy.
 Southern states would be punished for
denying the right to vote to black
citizens!
The Balance of Power in
Congress
State
White Citizens
Freedmen
SC
291,000
411,000
MS
353,000
436,000
LA
357,000
350,000
GA
591,000
465,000
AL
596,000
437,000
VA
719,000
533,000
NC
631,000
331,000
Radical Plan for Readmission
 Civil authorities in the territories were
subject to military supervision.
 Required new state constitutions,
including
black suffrage and ratification of the 13th
and 14th Amendments.
 In March, 1867, Congress passed an act
that authorized the military to enroll
eligible black voters and begin the
process of constitution making.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Military Reconstruction Act
*
*
Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states
that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.
Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5
military
districts.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Command of the Army Act
*
The President must issue all
Reconstruction orders through
the commander of the military.
 Tenure of Office Act
*
The President could not remove
any officials [esp. Cabinet members]
without the Senate’s consent, if the
position originally required Senate
approval.
 Designed to protect radical
members of Lincoln’s government.
 A question of the
constitutionality of this law.
Edwin Stanton
President Johnson’s Impeachment
 Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.
 Johnson replaced generals in the field who were
more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
 The House impeached him on February 24
before even
drawing up the
charges by a
vote of 126 – 47!
The Senate Trial
 11 week trial.
 Johnson acquitted
35 to 19 (one short of
required 2/3s vote).
Sharecropping
Sharecropping
• Sharecropping is a system of farming in
which a land owner and a farmer enter
into an agreement to work together and
share the profits of the harvest. The
landowner would provide money for
food, housing, seeds, work animals and
others needs on a loan basis to be
repaid at the end of the growing season.
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
 Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
 Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
Tenant Farmer
 Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
 Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
 Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
Landowner
 Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
Sharecropping
• Sharecropping was really not much
better than the condition of slavery and
a very difficult way to make a living.
The farmer could not get ahead because
of the money needed to plant and
harvest and they rarely saw a profit.
Black & White Political Participation
Blacks in Southern Politics
 Core voters were black veterans.
 Blacks were politically unprepared.
 Blacks could register and vote in states since
1867.
 The 15th
Amendment
guaranteed
federal voting.
15th Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 The right of citizens of the United States
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any state on
account of race, color, or previous condition
of servitude.
 The Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that
they were not granted the vote!
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
The Failure of Federal Enforcement
 Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871
[also known as the KKK Act].
 “The Lost Cause.”
 The rise of the
“Bourbons.”
 Redeemers
(prewar
Democrats and
Union Whigs).
The Civil Rights Act of 1875
 Crime for any individual to deny full &
equal use of public conveyances and
public places.
 Prohibited discrimination in jury
selection.
 Shortcoming  lacked a strong
enforcement mechanism.
 No new civil rights act was attempted
for 90 years!
Think About IT
• Comparing: How were the black codes similar
to slavery?
• Summarize the Reconstruction Amendments
The South During
Reconstruction
• Main Idea: As African Americans began to
take part in civic life in the South, they
faced resistance, including violence from
the Whites.
African Americans in
Government
• Played important roles in Reconstruction
politics as voters and officials
• Contributed heavily to some Republican
victories
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
 Scalawags
 Southern whites who were non-slave holding and
backed Republicans
 Carpetbaggers
 Northern whites to moved south after the war and
backed Republicans
 Many Southerners accused Reconstruction
governments of corruption. Although some
officials made money illegally, probably less
corruption occurred in the South than in the
North.
Resistance to Reconstruction
• Most Southern whites opposed efforts to
give rights to African Americans
• African Americans were often
– Refused land to rent
– Refused credit at stores
– Not hired by white employers
Ku Klux Klan
 Secret society who used fear and violence to
deny rights to freed men and women.
 Killed thousands of African Americans while
wearing sheets and hoods
 Burned African American schools, churches and
homes
 Supported by many Southern planters and
Democrats
 Congress passed several rather
unsuccessful laws to stop the Klan in 1870
and 1871.
KKK
Education
• Education improved for both races during
Reconstruction
• 1870s – public schools created for both
races
• Attended separate schools
Farming
• Sharecropping
– Farmer works land for an owner who provides
equipment and seeds and receives a share of
the crops
Answer the Essential Question
 WHAT KINDS OF RESISTANCE DID AFRICAN
AMERICANS FACE AS THEY TRIED TO
EXERCISE THEIR RIGHTS AS CITIZENS OF
THE SOUTH?
Change in the South
• Essential Question:
– How did the South change politically,
economically and socially when
Reconstruction ended?
Panic of 1873
• Severe economic depression
• Small banks close, stock market plummets
• Blame for hard times fell on the
Republicans and the Grant Administration
Panic of 1873
Election of 1876
• Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs.
Samuel Tilden (Democrat)
• Hayes wins although the outcome of the
election is disputed
Compromise of 1877
 Hayes presidential victory is disputed and
Democrats threaten to challenge the
decision. Party leaders meet in secret to
work out an agreement.
 Agreement includes some favors for the
South
 New gov’t would give more aid to the South
 Republicans would withdraw all troops from the
South
 Democrats in turn, promised to maintain African
American rights
A New Policy
• Hayes announces intention to let
Southerners handle radical issues
• Federal government would no longer
attempt to reshape Southern society
• Reconstruction has come to an end
Change in the South
• After Reconstruction, the South
experienced a political shift and industrial
growth.
Democrats in Control
• Large landowners, merchants, bankers,
business leaders
• Adopted conservative practices
– Lower taxes
– Cut government spending
– Eliminated many social services begun during
Reconstruction
– Cut public education
Rise of the “New South”
• By the 1880s, forward-looking Southerners
were convinced that their region must
develop a strong industrial economy.
They argued that the South lost the Civil
War because its industry didn’t match the
North’s.
Rise of the “New South”
• Built industry based on coal, iron, tobacco,
cotton and lumber
• Textile mills, tobacco manufacturing, iron
and steel mills
• Industry grows as a result of cheap,
reliable workforce
• Agriculture is still the South’s main
economic activity
Rural Economy
• Supporters of the “New South” hope to
advance agriculture as well
• Too much debt for farmers
• To repay debt, farmers rely on cash crops
like cotton
– Too much cotton forced prices down
• Sharecropping and reliance on one cash
crop keeps Southern agriculture from
advancing
A Divided Society
• As Reconstruction ended, African
Americans’ dreams for justice faded. In
the last 20 years of the 1800s, racism
became firmly set in the culture.
Individuals took steps to keep African
Americans separated from white and to
deny them basic rights.
Jim Crow Laws
• What is it?
– Laws that required African Americans and
whites to be separated in almost every public
place
• Impact
– Segregation! Unequal facilities and
accommodations
Poll Tax
• What is it?
– A fee people had to pay to vote
• Impact
– Most African Americans could not afford the
tax and therefore could not vote
Literacy Test
• What is it?
– Voters take a test in which they have to read
and explain difficult parts of the Constitution in
order to vote.
• Impact
– Because most African Americans had little
education, literacy tests prevented many from
voting.
Grandfather Clause
• What is it?
– Law that allowed people whose fathers or
grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction
to vote.
• Impact
– Literacy tests could keep some whites from
voting. These laws allowed them to do so.
Because African Americans could not vote
until 1867, they were excluded.
Lynching
• What is it?
– When an angry mob kills a person by hanging
• Impact
– Fear! African Americans were lynched
because they were suspected of crimes, or
because they did not behave the way they
should.
Lynching
Plessy vs. Ferguson
• The Supreme Court decides to uphold the
idea of “segregation of the South” by
handing down the decision of Plessy vs.
Ferguson (1896)
• Impact: Said separate is equal. The
problem is however, that the facilities are
separate but in no way, equal. Gave legal
support to Southern segregation and
inequality.
Answer the Essential Question
• How did the South change politically,
economically and socially when
Reconstruction ended?