Download Chapter 7 - Napa Valley College

Chapter 7
The Skeletal
System
Appendicular Division
Lecture Presentation by
Steven Bassett
Southeast Community College
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
• The appendicular skeleton includes:
• Pectoral girdle
• Shoulder bones
• Upper limbs
• Pelvic girdle
• Hip bones
• Lower limbs
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.1 The Appendicular Skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON
80
206
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
126
Clavicle
2
Scapula
2
Humerus
2
Radius
2
Ulna
2
Carpal
bones
16
Ulna
Metacarpal
bones
10
Hip
bone
Phalanges
28
Hip bones
2
Femur
2
Patella
2
Tibia
2
Fibula
2
(See Figure 6.1)
Pectoral
girdles
4
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Upper
limbs
60
Radius
Pelvic
girdle
Lower
limbs
2
60
Femur
Tibia
Tarsal bones 14
Metatarsal
bones
10
Phalanges
28
Fibula
a Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting the appendicular components. The numbers in
the boxes indicate the total number of bones of that type or category in the adult skeleton.
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b Posterior view of the skeleton.
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• Pectoral girdle consists of:
• Clavicle
• Scapula
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• Upper limb consists of:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Pollex and other digits
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.2 The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal
bones (I to V)
Phalanges
a Right upper
limb, anterior
view
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b X-ray of right pectoral
girdle and upper limb,
posterior view
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Clavicle
• Connects the scapula to the manubrium of the
sternum
• It extends from the manubrium of the sternum,
laterally to the acromion process of the scapula
• It is an S-shaped bone
• Structures
•
•
•
•
Sternal end
Acromial end
Conoid tubercle
Costal tuberosity
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Figure 7.4a Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
Scapula
Acromioclavicular
joint
Sternoclavicular
joint
Manubrium
of sternum
Clavicle
a Bones of the right
pectoral girdle,
superior view.
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Figure 7.4b Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
Retraction
Protraction
b Alterations in the position of
the right shoulder that occur
during protraction (movement
anteriorly) and retraction
(movement posteriorly).
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Figure 7.4c Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
Elevation
Depression
c Alterations in the position of the right shoulder that occur during
elevation (superior movement) and depression (inferior movement).
In each instance, note that the clavicle is responsible for limiting
the range of motion (see Figure 8.5d,f ).
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Figure 7.3a The Clavicle
Acromial end
LATERAL
MEDIAL
Facet for
articulation
with acromion
a Right clavicle, superior view
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Sternal
end
Figure 7.3b The Clavicle
Acromial
end
LATERAL
Sternal
facet
Conoid
tubercle
Costal
tuberosity
Sternal end
b Right clavicle, inferior view
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MEDIAL
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Scapula
• Posterior structures
• Spine
• Supraspinous
fossa
• Infraspinous fossa
• Acromion
• Lateral border
• Axillary border
• Medial border
• Vertebral border
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• Anterior structures
• Coracoid process
• Subscapular fossa
Figure 7.5d The Scapula
Acromion
Coracoid
process
Superior
angle
Superior
border
Lateral
angle
Subscapular
fossa
Body
Lateral
border
Medial
border
Inferior
angle
d Anterior view
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Figure 7.5f The Scapula
Supraspinous
fossa
Coracoid
process
Superior
border
Acromion
Neck
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Body
Medial
border
Lateral
border
Inferior
angle
f
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior view
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Scapula
• Medial / Lateral structures
• Lateral border (Axillary border)
• Medial border (Vertebral border)
• Glenoid cavity (lateral)
• Superior / Inferior structures
• Superior angle
• Inferior angle
• Suprascapular notch (superior)
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Figure 7.5a The Scapula
Superior
angle
Coracoid
process
Acromion
Superior
border
Suprascapular
notch
Subscapular
fossa
Rim of
glenoid
cavity
Lateral
angle
Body
Lateral border
(axillary border)
Medial border
(vertebral border)
Inferior angle
a Costal (anterior) view
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Figure 7.5b The Scapula
Acromion
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Coracoid
process
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Lateral
border
Inferior angle
b
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Lateral view
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Humerus
• Proximal structures
•
•
•
•
•
•
Head
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Anatomical neck
Intertubercular sulcus
Deltoid tuberosity
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• Distal structures
•
•
•
•
•
•
Capitulum
Trochlea
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Coronoid fossa
Olecranon fossa
Figure 7.6a The Humerus
Greater
tubercle
Lesser
tubercle
Intertubercular
sulcus
Head
Lesser
tubercle
Greater
tubercle
Head
Anatomical
neck
Anatomical
neck
Intertubercular
sulcus
Surgical
neck
Intertubercular
sulcus
POSTERIOR
Radial
groove
Deltoid
tuberosity
Deltoid
tuberosity
Shaft
(body)
Radial
groove
ANTERIOR
Intertubercular
sulcus
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Radial fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum
Trochlea
Condyle
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Capitulum
a Anterior views
Trochlea
Condyle
Figure 7.6d The Humerus
Greater
tubercle
Head
Greater tubercle
Head
Anatomical
neck
Anatomical
neck
Surgical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Deltoid
tuberosity
Radial groove
for radial nerve
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
Olecranon fossa
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Trochlea
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d
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Trochlea
Posterior views
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Radius and Ulna
• Radius is lateral to the ulna
• Proximal structures
• Head
• Radial tuberosity
• Neck
• Distal structures
• Radial styloid
process
• Ulnar notch
• The head of the radius pivots on the capitulum
of the humerus
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Radius and Ulna
• Ulna is medial to the radius
• Proximal structures
•
•
•
•
•
Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Radial notch
Coronoid process
Ulnar tuberosity
• Distal structures
• Ulnar styloid process
• Head
• The trochlear notch pivots on the trochlea of the
humerus
• The head of the radius pivots in the radial notch of
the ulna
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Figure 7.7a The Radius and Ulna
Olecranon
Proximal radioulnar
joint
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
RADIUS
ULNA
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
of radius
Ulnar notch
of radius
Head of ulna
Head of ulna
Ulnar styloid
process
Ulnar styloid
process
Articular
cartilage
Distal extremity
of radius
Radial
styloid
process
Distal extremity
of radius
a Posterior view of the right radius and ulna
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Radial
styloid
process
Figure 7.7d The Radius and Ulna
Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
of ulna
Head of
radius
Head of radius
Neck of radius
Ulnar
tuberosity
Radial
tuberosity
ULNA
RADIUS
Interosseous
membrane
Attachment
surfaces for
interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
of radius
Distal radioulnar
joint
Ulnar
notch
of radius
Radial
styloid
process
Head of ulna
Ulnar styloid
process
Carpal
articular surface
Radial
styloid process
d Anterior view of the radius and ulna
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Carpal
articular surface
Figure 7.7b The Radius and Ulna
Humerus
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
of humerus
Olecranon
Trochlea
of humerus
Head of
radius
Ulna
b Posterior view of the elbow
joint showing the interlocking
of the participating bones
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Figure 7.7c The Radius and Ulna
Humerus
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Capitulum
Head of radius
Coronoid
process of ulna
Radial notch
of ulna
c
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Anterior view of the elbow joint
Figure 7.7e The Radius and Ulna
Olecranon
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
process
Radial notch
Ulnar
tuberosity
e Lateral view of the proximal
end of the ulna
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Figure 7.7f The Radius and Ulna
Head
of ulna
Distal
radioulnar
joint
Ulnar styloid
process
f Anterior view of the distal
ends of the radius and ulna,
and the distal radioulnar joint
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Wrist and Hand
• Carpal bones
• Eight bones of the wrist
• Metacarpal bones
• Five metacarpals (make up the “back of the hand”)
• Phalanges
• Pollex has two phalanges
• All other digits of the hand have three phalanges
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
• The Wrist and Hand
• Carpal bones
• Proximal bones
•
•
•
•
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Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
• Distal structures
•
•
•
•
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Figure 7.8a The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
Proximal
Carpal Bones
Ulna
Radius
Ulna
Radius
Lunate
Scaphoid
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Distal
Carpal
Bones
Scaphoid
Pisiform
Trapezium
Capitate
Triquetrum
Hamate
Capitate
Metacarpals
I
V
II
III
Lunate
Trapezoid
Trapezoid
I
V
II
IV
a Anterior (palmar) view of
the bones of the right wrist
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Hamate
Trapezium
III
IV
Figure 7.8b The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
Radius
Radius
Ulna
Lunate
Pisiform
Scaphoid
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Hamate
Trapezoid
Capitate
I
Metacarpal
bones
II
III
IV
Pisiform
Scaphoid
Triquetrum
Capitate
Hamate
Trapezium
Trapezoid
I
II
V
Metacarpal
bones
Proximal
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Phalanges
III
IV
V
Proximal
phalanx
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Proximal
Middle
Distal
b
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Ulna
Lunate
Anterior (palmar) view of the
bones of the right wrist and hand
Figure 7.8c The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
Radius
Ulnar styloid
process
Scaphoid
Lunate
Scaphoid
Lunate
Trapezium
Pisiform
Trapezoid
Triquetrum
I
Hamate
Capitate
Radial styloid
process
Ulnar styloid
process
V
IV
III
II
Trapezium
Pisiform
Trapezoid
Triquetrum
Metacarpal
bones
Hamate
I
V
IV
III
Capitate
II
Metacarpal
bones
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal
c
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Posterior (dorsal ) view of the
bones of the right wrist and hand
Proximal
phalanx
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Pelvic Girdle consists of:
• Hip bones (three coxal bones)
• Ilium
• Pubis
• Ischium
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The lower limb consists of:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Hallux and other digits
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.9 The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Hip bone
(coxal or pelvic bone)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Tarsal bone
a
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Right lower limb,
lateral view
b
X-ray, pelvic girdle and lower limb,
anterior/posterior projection
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Pelvic Girdle
• Supports and protects the lower viscera and
developing fetus in females
• The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb are
much more massive than their homologues of the
upper limb
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Hip Bones (Coxal Bones)
• Anterior structures
• Ant. sup. iliac spine
• Ant. inf. Iliac spine
• Pubic tubercle
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• Posterior structures
•
•
•
•
•
•
Post. sup. Iliac spine
Post. inf. Iliac spine
Ischial tuberosity
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Figure 7.10a The Pelvic Girdle (2 of 2)
Iliac crest
Ilium
Anterior
gluteal line
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Pubis
Ischium
Posterior
gluteal line
Inferior
gluteal line
Lateral view
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Inferior iliac notch
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Lunate surface
of acetabulum
Greater sciatic
notch
Acetabulum
Acetabular fossa
Ischial spine
Superior pubic
ramus
Lesser sciatic
notch
Obturator
foramen
Pubic tubercle
Inferior pubic
ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
a
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Lateral view
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Hip Bones (Coxal Bones)
• Lateral structures
• Medial structures
• Acetabulum
• Gluteal lines
• Iliac fossa
• Arcuate line
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Figure 7.10b The Pelvic Girdle (2 of 2)
Ilium
ANTERIOR
Iliac crest
POSTERIOR
Iliac fossa
Ischium
Pubis
Iliac tuberosity
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Auricular surface for
articulation with sacrum
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Obturator groove
Greater sciatic notch
Superior pubic ramus
Arcuate line
Pectineal line
Spine of ischium
Pubic tubercle
Lesser sciatic notch
Obturator foramen
Pubic symphysis
(symphyseal surface)
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
b Medial view
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Inferior pubic ramus
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Pelvis
• Consists of:
• Two coxal bones / one sacrum / one coccyx
• Can be subdivided
• Greater pelvis
• Spans the distance from left iliac crest to right iliac
crest
• Lesser pelvis
• Area inferior to the iliopectineal line
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Figure 7.11a The Pelvis (1 of 2)
Ilium
Sacrum
Sacro-iliac joint
Iliac crest
Sacrum
Iliac
fossa
Pubis
Ischium
Coccyx
Arcuate line
Hip Bone
Pectineal line
Ilium
Coccyx
Acetabulum
Pubis
Pubic tubercle
Obturator
foramen
Pubic crest
Pubic
symphysis
a
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Anterior view
Ischium
Figure 7.11b The Pelvis
Sacrum
Iliac crest
Sacral foramina
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Median sacral crest
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Sacral cornu
Sacral hiatus
Ischial spine
Coccyx
Ischial tuberosity
L5
Iliac crest
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Median sacral crest
Sacral foramina
Greater sciatic
notch
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Sacral hiatus
Sacrum
Ischial spine
Sacral cornu
Coccyx
Ischial tuberosity
b
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Posterior view
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Pelvis
• Consists of two pelvic spaces
• Pelvic inlet (superior space between the brim of
each coxal bone)
• Pelvic outlet (inferior space between the ischial
spine of each coxal bone)
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Figure 7.12a Divisions of the Pelvis and Anatomical Differences in the Male and Female Pelvis
Greater pelvis
Pelvic outlet
Pelvic
brim
Pelvic
inlet
a
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Superior view showing
the pelvic brim and
pelvic inlet of a male.
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Male and Female Pelvis
• The main anatomical difference is in regard to
childbearing
• Pelvic outlet
• Larger in females than in males
• Sacrum curve
• Less curvature in females than in males
• Pelvic inlet
• Wider in females than in males
• Pubic angle
• Greater than 100 in females and less than 90) in
males
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Figure 7.12d Divisions of the Pelvis and Anatomical Differences in the Male and Female Pelvis
Female
Adaptations for
Childbearing in
the Female Pelvis
Male
Relatively broad,
low pelvis
Ilia that project
farther laterally
Less curvature on the
sacrum and coccyx
Ischial
spine
Wider, more circular
pelvic inlet
Ischial
spine
Enlarged pelvic outlet
100°
or more
d
Broader pubic angle
Many of the anatomical differences in the male and female pelvis are adaptations for
childbearing. These adaptations support the weight of the developing fetus and uterus,
and ease the passage of the newborn through the pelvic outlet at the time of delivery.
Other differences are the result of variations in body size and muscle mass.
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90°
or less
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Femur
• Proximal structures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Head
Fovea
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Intertrochanteric
crest
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• Distal structures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Intercondylar fossa
Popliteal surface
Patellar surface
Figure 7.13a The Femur
Articular surface
of head
Neck
Neck
Fovea for ligament
of head
Greater
trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
line
Lesser trochanter
Shaft (body)
of femur
Lesser
trochanter
Shaft
of femur
Patellar surface
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Patellar surface
Lateral condyle
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
a Landmarks on the anterior surface of the right femur
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Medial condyle
Figure 7.13d The Femur
Articular surface
of head
Neck
Head
Neck
Greater
trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Intertrochanteric
crest
Lesser
trochanter
Lesser
trochanter
Gluteal
tuberosity
Gluteal
tuberosity
Pectineal
line
Linea
aspera
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal
surface
Lateral
condyle
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal surface
Adductor
tubercle
Adductor tubercle
Medial
epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial
condyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar
fossa
d
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Lateral epicondyle
Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur
Intercondylar
fossa
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Femur
• Posterior view
• Linea aspera
• Lateral supracondylar ridge
• Medial supracondylar ridge
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Figure 7.13d The Femur
Articular surface
of head
Neck
Head
Neck
Greater
trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Intertrochanteric
crest
Lesser
trochanter
Lesser
trochanter
Gluteal
tuberosity
Gluteal
tuberosity
Pectineal
line
Linea
aspera
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal
surface
Lateral
condyle
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal surface
Adductor
tubercle
Adductor tubercle
Medial
epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial
condyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar
fossa
d
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Lateral epicondyle
Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur
Intercondylar
fossa
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Patella
• This is a large sesamoid bone
• Protects the knee joint
• Anterior surface is rough for strong tendon
attachment
• Posterior surface has concave facets for the
femoral condyles
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Figure 7.14a The Patella
Base of patella
Attachment
area for
quadriceps
tendon
Attachment
area for
patellar
ligament
Apex of patella
a Anterior surface of the right patella
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Figure 7.14b The Patella
Medial facet for
medial condyle
of femur
Lateral facet for
lateral condyle
of femur
Articular surface
of patella
b Posterior surface
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Tibia and Fibula
• Tibia is medial to the
fibula
• Proximal structures
• Tibial tuberosity
• Intercondylar eminence
• Medial and lateral
tubercles of the
intercondylar eminence
• Articular surfaces
• Soleal line
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• Distal structures
• Medial malleolus
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Tibia and Fibula
• Fibula is lateral to the
tibia
• Proximal structures
• Head
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• Distal structures
• Lateral malleolus
Figure 7.15a The Tibia and Fibula
Lateral tibial condyle
Medial
condyle
Head of fibula
Superior
tibiofibular joint
Tibial tuberosity
Head of fibula
Interosseous
border of fibula
Anterior margin
Shaft of fibula
Interosseous
border of tibia
Shaft of tibia
Interosseous
membrane
of the leg
Inferior
tibiofibular joint
Medial
malleolus (tibia)
Lateral
malleolus
(fibula)
Lateral
malleolus (fibula)
Inferior articular surface
a
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Anterior views of the right tibia and fibula
Figure 7.15d The Tibia and Fibula
Articular surface
of medial
tibial condyle
Tubercles of
intercondylar
eminence
Articular surface
of lateral tibial
condyle
Medial tibial
condyle
Medial tubercle
of intercondylar eminence
Lateral tubercle
of intercondylar eminence
Intercondylar eminence
Articular surface of
medial tibial condyle
Lateral tibial condyle
Medial tibial
condyle
Head of fibula
Soleal line
Interosseous
membrane
of the leg
Soleal
line
TIBIA
TIBIA
FIBULA
FIBULA
Medial malleolus
(tibia)
Medial
malleolus (tibia)
Articular surfaces
of tibia and fibula
Lateral malleolus
(fibula)
d
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Articular surfaces
of tibia and fibula
Posterior views of the right tibia and fibula
Lateral malleolus
(fibula)
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Ankle and Foot
• Tarsal bones
• Seven bones of the ankle
• Metatarsal bones
• Five metatarsals (make up the “arch of the foot”)
• Phalanges
• Hallux has two phalanges
• All other digits of the foot have three phalanges
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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Ankle and Foot
• Tarsal bones
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
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Figure 7.16a Bones of the Ankle and Foot
Tarsal Bones
Calcaneus
Talus
Trochlea
of talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform bones
Lateral
Intermediate
Medial
Metatarsal Bones
V
IV III
Base of 1st
metatarsal
bone
II
I
Phalanges
Proximal
Shaft of 1st
metatarsal bone
Head of 1st
metatarsal bone
Middle
Distal
a Superior (dorsal) view of the
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bones of the right foot.
Individual Variation in the Skeletal System
• The skeleton can reveal important information
about an individual
• Information such as:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Racial differences
Medical history
Body size
Muscle mass
Age
Sex
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Table 7.1 Sexual Differences in the Adult Human Skeleton (1 of 2)
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Table 7.1 Sexual Differences in the Adult Human Skeleton (2 of 2)
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Table 7.2 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (1 of 2)
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Table 7.2 Age-Related Changes in the Skeleton (2 of 2)
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