Download Kidney dialysis - Dr. Saadia McLeod

Chapter
Two:
The Systems
of the Body
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•The nervous system
•The endocrine system
•The cardiovascular system
•The respiratory system
•The digestive system and the metabolism of
food
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•The renal system
•The reproductive system
•Genetics and health
•The immune system
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( Source: Lankford, 1979, p. 232)
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Parts of hindbrain
• Medulla: Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and
respiration
• Pons: Helps control respiration
• Cerebellum: Coordinates voluntary muscle movement and
maintenance of:
• Balance and equilibrium
• Muscle tone and posture
Midbrain
• Responsible for the coordination of visual and auditory
reflexes
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Parts of forebrain
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Cerebral cortex
Limbic system
• Plays an important role in stress and emotional responses
• Amygdala - Detection of threat
• Hippocampus - Emotionally charged memories
• Areas in the hypothalamus - Emotional functioning
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Epilepsy
Cerebral palsy
Parkinson’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Huntington’s disease
Polio
Paraplegia
Quadriplegia
Dementia
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•Ductless glands that secrete hormones into
the blood and stimulate changes in target
organs
•Regulated by:
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland: Consists of the posterior
pituitary lobe and the anterior pituitary lobe
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•Diabetes - Body becomes incapable of
manufacturing or properly using insulin
• Forms
• Type I diabetes - Autoimmune disorder
• Type II diabetes - Disease of lifestyle
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•Left atrium and left ventricle - Takes in
oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps
it out into the aorta
•Right atrium and right ventricle - Pumps
blood back to the lungs via the pulmonary
artery
•Cardiac cycle - Regular rhythmic phases of
contraction and relaxation
• Phases - Systole and diastole
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•Atherosclerosis: Arteries are narrowed by
plaques formed by deposits of cholesterol
and other substances
• Angina pectoris: Heart has insufficient supply
of oxygen or adequate removal of carbon
dioxide and other waste products
• Myocardial infarction (MI): Clot in a coronary
vessel blocking the flow of blood to the heart
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• Ischemia: Characterized by lack of blood flow
and oxygen to the heart muscle
• Congestive heart failure (CHF) - Heart’s
delivery of oxygen-rich blood is inadequate
• Arrhythmia - Irregular beatings of the heart
leading to loss of consciousness and sudden
death
•Rheumatic fever: Bacterial infection that
originates in the connective tissue
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•Force that blood exerts against the blood
vessel walls
•Highest during systole
•Lowest during diastole
•Influenced by:
• Cardiac output
• Peripheral resistance
• Structure of the arterial walls
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•Plasma - Contains plasma proteins, plasma
electrolytes, and the substances transported
by the blood
•Cells - Contains white blood cells,
lymphocytes, red blood cells, and platelets
• Platelets: Block small holes that develop in
blood vessels and play an important role in
blood clotting
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•Brings in oxygen through inspiration
• Causes the lungs to expand inside the thorax
•Eliminates carbon dioxide through expiration
• Reduces the lungs’ volume within the thorax
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(Source: Lankford, 1979, p. 467)
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Hay fever
Asthma
Viral and
bacterial
infections
Chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis and
pleurisy
Lung cancer
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( Source: Lankford, 1979, p. 523)
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•Gastric secretions in the stomach help with
the digestion of food
•Enzymes in the small intestine breakdown
proteins to amino acids
•Large intestine stores food residue and helps
in the reabsorption of water
•Entry of feces into the rectum leads to the
expulsion of solid waste
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and dysentery
Peptic ulcer
Appendicitis
Hepatitis
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( Source: Lankford, 1979, p. 585)
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•Kidneys - Regulate the bodily fluids
• Produce urine which maintains water balance,
blood pH, and electrolyte balance
•Ureters - Moves urine to the bladder
•Urinary bladder - Reservoir for urine
• Urethra - Conducts urine from the bladder out
of the body
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•Urinary tract infections
•Glomerular nephritis
•Tubular necrosis
•Kidney failure - Could require an artificial
kidney, a kidney transplant, or kidney dialysis
• Kidney dialysis: Cleanses the blood to remove
excess salts, water, and metabolites
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( Sources: Green, 1978, p. 122; Lankford, 1979, p. 688)
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Ovaries
• Ovum - Produced each month
by one ovary
• Develops into a human being
if fertilized
• Flushed out if not fertilized
• Estrogen - Develops
secondary sex characteristics
• Progesterone - Produced
during second half of
menstrual cycle
• Declines if pregnancy fails
to occur
Testes
• Testosterone - Produced by
the interstitial cells
• Produces sperm
• Pass through the uterus
into fallopian tubes to
fertilize ovum
• Develops secondary sex
characteristics
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Sexually transmitted diseases
Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women
Cancer
Disorders of the menstrual cycle
Fertility problems
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•Sex chromosomes determines the gender
• X chromosome - Mother
• X or Y chromosome - Father
•Types of research that demonstrates whether
a characteristic is genetically acquired
• Studies of families
• Twin research
• Studies of adopted children
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•Infection causing microbes can spread via:
• Direct transmission
• Indirect transmission
• Biological transmission
• Mechanical transmission
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•Whether a microbe produces infection or not
depends on:
• Number of organisms and their virulence
• Body’s defensive capacities
•Course
• Incubation period
• Nonspecific symptoms period
• Acute phase
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•Body’s resistance to invading organisms
•Natural immunity
• Acquired through disease
• Passed from the mother to the child at birth
and through breast-feeding
•Artificial immunity - Acquired through
vaccinations and inoculations
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Nonspecific immune mechanisms
• General set of responses to any kind of infection or
disorder
• Ways of occurring
• Anatomical barriers
• Phagocytosis
• Antimicrobial substances
• Inflammatory responses
Specific immune mechanisms
• Acquired after birth
• Fight particular microorganisms and their toxins
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(Source: Roitt, Brostoff, & Male, 1998)
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Humoral immunity
• B lymphocytes - Confer immunity by the production and
secretion of antibodies
Cell-mediated immunity
• T lymphocytes - Kill invading organisms and infected
cells
Lymphatic system
• Drainage system of the body
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•Lupus: Leads to chronic inflammation
•Tonsillitis
•Infectious mononucleosis
•Lymphoma
•Autoimmunity: Body attacks its own tissues
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