Download Chapter Fourteen

Chapter Fourteen
Managing Your Fertility
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Birth Control vs. Contraception
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Birth control refers to all procedures
(umbrella term)
Contraception procedures are used to
decrease chances of fertilization of an
ovum (more specific)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Selecting Your
Contraception Method
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Safety
Effectiveness
Reliability
Reversible
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Affordability
Ease of use
Interference with
sexual expression
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Current Birth Control Methods
Method
Theoretical
Effectivenes
s
No method
15%
Withdrawal
96%
Periodic abstinence
91-99%
Cervical cap
91%
Spermicide
94%
Diaphragm with spermicide
94%
Male condom
97%
Male condom with
spermicide
99%
Female condom
95%
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Current Birth Control Methods
(cont’d)
Method
IUD, copper / progestin
Theoretical
Effectivenes
s
99%+ / 98%
Combined pill
99%+
Minipill
99%+
Depo-Provera (3 month)
99%+
Lunelle (1 month)
99%+
Contraceptive Ring
99%+
Tubal ligation
99%+
Vasectomy
99%+
Contraceptive Patch
99%+
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Periodic Abstinence
Figure 14-1
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Vaginal Spermicide
Spermicide- chemical capable of killing sperm.
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Condoms
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Offers substantial protection against
STD’s
Nonoxynol-9 may increase disease
transmission
Male and female types
Latex vs. Polyurethane
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Birth Control Pills- Contain synthetic
hormones; do not provide protection against STD’s
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cervical Cap
Small, thimble-shaped device that fits over the
entire cervix; 1/3 full of spermicide
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Emergency Contraception

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Measure used to prevent pregnancy
within 5 days of unprotected
intercourse
Called post-coital or “morning after”
contraception
Need prescription from M.D. in most
states
Side effects
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Sterilization
generally considered an irreversible procedure


Vasectomy – separating vas deferens
Tubal ligation – separating fallopian tubes
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Abortion –
Termination of a Pregnancy

First trimester procedures
• Vacuum aspiration
• Manual vacuum aspiration
• Dilation and curettage (D&C)
• Medication abortion

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Mifepristone (RU-486)
Methotrexate
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Abortion

Second trimester procedures
• Dilation and evacuation (D&E)
• Hypertonic saline procedure
• Prostaglandin procedure

Third trimester procedures
• Hysterotomy
• Hysterectomy
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Pregnancy

Obstacles to fertilization
• Acid levels in vagina
• Thickening of cervical mucus
• Location of cervical opening for sperm
• Location of current fallopian tube for
sperm
• Distance for sperm
• Movement of sperm “upstream”
• Location of egg due to contoured folds
of tubal walls
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Pregnancy (cont’d)

Aids to fertilization
• Number of sperm
• Deposition of sperm
• Accessory gland production
• Uterine contractions
• Movement of sperm
• Life of sperm
• Consistency of mucus
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Pregnancy (cont’d)
Figure 14-7
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© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Signs of Pregnancy
[Probable signs]
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Frequency of urination
Increased size of
abdomen
Cervix becomes softer
Positive pregnancy test
HCG
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Childbirth
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Stage 1 – Effacement and dilation of
the cervix
Stage 2 – Delivery of fetus
Stage 3 – Delivery of afterbirth
(placenta)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Fourteen
Managing Your Fertility
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.