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Principles of Anatomy
and Physiology
Thirteenth Edition
Gerard J. Tortora • Bryan H. Derrickson
Chapter 29
Development and Inheritance
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sperm cell
PATH OF SPERM
CELL:
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Plasma membrane of
secondary oocyte
First polar
body
Cytoplasm of secondary
oocyte
(a) Sperm cell penetrating secondary oocyte
Head of
sperm cell
Secondary
oocyte
SEM
1100x
(b) Sperm cell in contact with secondary oocyte
Pronuclei
LM
(c) Male and female pronuclei
250x
Polar bodies
(a) Cleavage of zygote, twocell stage (day 1)
Blastomeres
Zona pellucida
(b) Cleavage, four-cell stage
(day 2)
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
(c) Morula (day 4)
(d) Blastocyst, external view
(day 5)
(e) Blastocyst, internal view
(day 5)
Embryoblast
(inner cell mass)
Blastocyst cavity
Trophoblast
Blastocyst
Opening of
endometrial
gland
Endometrium
of uterus
Uterine
cavity
(a) External view of blastocyst, about 6 days after fertilization
Frontal
plane
Uterine
cavity
Frontal section through uterus
Endometrium of uterus
Endometrial gland
Opening of
endometrial gland
Trophoblast
Embryoblast (inner
cell mass)
Blastocyst
cavity
(b) Frontal section through endometrium of uterus and blastocyst,
about 6 days after fertilization
Blood
vessels
Decidua basalis
Decidua
capsularis
Decidua
parietalis
Frontal section of uterus
Details of decidua
2. Cleavage
(first cleavage
completed about 30
hours after fertilization)
3. Morula
(3–4 days after fertilization)
1. Fertilization
(occurs within
uterine tube 12–24
hours after
ovulation)
4. Blastocyst
(4 1/2–5 days
after fertilization)
Uterine cavity
Ovulation
Ovary
Uterus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Frontal plane
Frontal section through uterus, uterine tube, and ovary
5. Implantation
(occurs about 6
days after
fertilization)
Endometrium of uterus
Endometrial gland
Formation of
exocoelomic membrane
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Bilaminar
embryonic disc:
Amnion
Amniotic cavity
Hypoblast
Epiblast
Blastocyst cavity
Blood vessel
Uterine cavity
(a) Frontal section through endometrium of uterus showing
blastocyst, about 8 days after fertilization
Endometrium of uterus
Amniotic cavity
Blood vessels
Bilaminar
embryonic disc:
Lacunae
Epiblast
Hypoblast
Yolk sac
Cytotrophoblast
Exocoelomic
membrane
Syncytiotrophoblast
Uterine cavity
(b) Frontal section through endometrium of uterus showing
blastocyst, about 9 days after fertilization
Endometrium of uterus
Maternal sinusoids
Lacunae
Chorion:
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Yolk sac
Amnion
Amniotic cavity
Bilaminar embryonic disc:
Lacunar
network
Uterine cavity
(c) Frontal section through endometrium of uterus
showing blastocyst, about 12 days after fertilization
Epiblast
Hypoblast
Endometrial gland (right) and
sinusoid (left) emptying into
lacunar network
Connecting stalk
Amnion
Amniotic cavity
Bilaminar embryonic disc:
Epiblast
Yolk sac
Hypoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Extraembryonic
mesoderm
Uterine cavity
Transverse plane
Dorsal surface of
bilaminar embryonic
disc
Primitive node
Oropharyngeal
membrane (future
site of mouth)
Connecting stalk
HEAD
END
Amnion
TAIL
END
Primitive streak
Bilaminar embryonic disc:
Yolk sac
Epiblast
(a) Dorsal and partial sectional views of embryonic
disc, about 15 days after fertilization
Hypoblast
Oropharyngeal membrane
Primitive streak
Trilaminar embryonic disc:
Ectoderm
Yolk sac
Mesoderm
Endoderm
(b) Transverse section of trilaminar embryonic disc,
about 16 days after fertilization
Neural plate
Notochordal process
(outlined beneath
ectoderm)
Primitive
node
Primitive streak
TAIL
END
Oropharyngeal
membrane
Connecting stalk
HEAD
END
Yolk sac
Cloacal membrane
Trilaminar embryonic disc
(a) Dorsal and partial sectional views of trilaminar embryonic
disc, about 16 days after fertilization
Notochordal process
Neural plate
Mesoderm
Amniotic
cavity
Oropharyngeal
membrane
Cloacal membrane
TAIL
END
HEAD
END
Connecting stalk
Yolk sac
(b) Sagittal section of trilaminar embryonic disc, about
16 days after fertilization
Allantois
(a) 17 days
HEAD END
Neural plate
Neural plate
Transverse plane
Cut edge of amnion
Primitive streak
TAIL END
Dorsal view
Amniotic
cavity
Notochord
Yolk sac
Transverse section
Amnion
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
(b) 19 days
Neural plate
Neural groove
Neural fold
Primitive node
Neural groove
Neural
fold
Intermediate
mesoderm
Paraxial
mesoderm
Lateral plate
mesoderm
Primitive streak
Dorsal view
Transverse section
(c) 20 days
Neural plate
Neural groove
Neural fold
Somite
Neural groove
Neural
fold
Somite
Amnion
Endoderm
Primitive streak
Dorsal view
Transverse section
(d) 22 days
Neural fold
Somite
Somite
Dermatome
Neural crest cells
Myotome
Neural tube
Sclerotome
Lateral plate mesoderm:
Somatic mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Splanchnic mesoderm
Intraembryonic coelom
Dorsal view
Extraembryonic coelom
Endoderm
Transverse section
Lacunae
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Chorion:
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Chorionic villi
Connecting stalk
Amniotic cavity
Maternal sinusoid
Yolk sac
Extraembryonic coelom
(a) Frontal section through uterus showing
blastocyst, about 13 days after fertilization
Maternal sinusoid
Chorion:
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Intervillous space
Connecting stalk
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Blood capillary
(b) Details of two chorionic villi, about 21 days
after fertilization
Maternal sinusoid
Extraembryonic
mesoderm
Umbilical vein
Amniotic cavity
Umbilical arteries
Embryo
Intervillous space
Yolk sac
Connecting stalk
Chorionic villus
Maternal sinusoid
(c) Frontal section through uterus showing embryo and
vascular supply, about 21 days after fertilization
Chorionic villi
Yolk sac
Amniotic fluid in
amniotic cavity
Allantois
Umbilical cord
Chorion
Amnion
Decidua basalis
of uterus
(maternal portion
of placenta)
Chorionic villi
of chorion (fetal
portion of
placenta)
Chorionic villi
Maternal
endometrial venule
Umbilical cord:
Intervillous space
containing
maternal blood
Umbilical arteries
Maternal
endometrial
arteriole
Mucous
connective tissue
Umbilical vein
Amnion
Fetal blood vessels
(a) Details of placenta and umbilical cord
Umbilical cord
Amnion covering
fetal surface of
placenta
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical veins
(b) Fetal surface of placenta
Neural tube
Notochord
Amniotic cavity
HEAD END
Oropharyngeal
membrane
Amniotic cavity
Connecting stalk
Notochord
TAIL END
Yolk sac
Yolk sac
Sagittal section
Cloacal
membrane
(a) 22 days
Neural tube
Transverse section
Intraembryonic
coelom
Lateral
folds
Heart
Primitive gut
Yolk sac
Sagittal section
Transverse section
(b) 24 days
Foregut
Midgut
Midgut
Stomodeum
Hindgut
Intraembryonic
coelom
Proctodeum
Yolk sac
Lateral folds
Yolk sac
Sagittal section
Transverse section
(c) 26 days
Future pharynx
Amniotic cavity
Oropharyngeal
membrane
Dorsal mesentery
Stomodeum
Future
umbilical cord
Aorta
Cloacal
membrane
Midgut
Proctodeum
Abdominal wall
Sagittal section
Ventral mesentery
Transverse section
(d) 28 days
Pharyngeal
(branchial)
arches
Otic placode
Somite
4 3
2
1
Pharyngeal
clefts
Lens
placode
Heart
prominence
(a) External view, about 28-day embryo
Pharyngeal
(branchial)
pouches
Brain
Esophagus
Thyroid
diverticulum
Lung bud
Hypophyseal
(Rathke’s) pouch
Stomodeum
Pharyngeal
(branchial)
arches
Heart
(b) Sagittal section, about 28-day embryo
1st pharyngeal arch
Cartilages
Nerve
2nd pharyngeal
arch
2nd pharyngeal pouch
Muscle
3rd pharyngeal arch
artery
3rd pharyngeal pouch
(c) Transverse section of the pharynx, about 28-day embryo
4
8 12 16
20
24
28
32
36 (weeks)
Neural plate
Neural groove
Cut edge of amnion
Somite
Yolk sac
Primitive streak
(a) 20-day embryo
Developing brain
Heart prominence
Developing spinal cord
Somite
(b) 24-day embryo
Pharyngeal arches
Lens placode
Heart prominence
Upper limb bud
Tail
Lower limb bud
(c) 32-day embryo
Otic placode
Developing nose
Upper limb
Lower limb
Umbilical cord
(d) 44-day embryo
Ear
Eye
Nose
Upper limb
Umbilical cord
Lower limb
(e) 52-day embryo
Ear
Eye
Nose
Upper limb
Yolk sac
Rib
Umbilical cord
Placenta
Lower limb
(f) 10-week fetus
Ear
Eye
Nose
Mouth
Upper limb
Umbilical cord
Lower limb
(g) 13-week fetus
Ear
Eye
Nose
Mouth
Upper limb
Lower limb
(h) 26-week fetus
Needle
Ultrasound
transducer
Amnion
Amniotic fluid
Uterus
Fetus
(14–16 weeks)
Placenta
(a) Amniocentesis
Ultrasound
transducer
Needle
Chorionic villi
Fetus
(8–10 weeks)
Amniotic fluid
Catheter
Uterine cavity
Urinary bladder
Vagina
(b) Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)
Placenta
Human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)
Relaxin
Human chorionic
somatomammotropin (hCS)
Corticotropin-releasing
hormone
Rescues corpus luteum from degeneration until
the 3rd or 4th month of pregnancy
Corpus luteum
(in ovary)
Progesterone
Estrogens
1. Maintain endometrium of
uterus during pregnancy
2. Help prepare mammary
glands for lactation
3. Prepare mother’s body for
birth of baby
1. Increases
flexibility of pubic
symphysis
2. Helps dilate
uterine cervix
during labor
1. Helps prepare mammary
glands for lactation
2. Enhances growth by
increasing protein synthesis
3. Decreases glucose use and
increases fatty acid use for
ATP production
(a) Sources and functions of hormones
1. Establishes the timing of
birth
2. Increases secretion of
cortisol
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Blood levels
Estrogens
Progesterone
Age of embryo/fetus (weeks)
Fertilization
Birth
(b) Blood levels of hormones during pregnancy
Right lung
Left lung
Right breast
Heart
Left breast
Gallbladder
Stomach
Liver
Greater omentum
Small intestine
Small intestine
Uterine wall
Descending colon
Ascending colon
Maternal umbilicus
Right uterine (fallopian) tube
Right ovary
Left ovary
Umbilical cord
Left uterine
(fallopian) tube
Inguinal ligament
Round ligament of uterus
Head of fetus
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Anterior view of position of organs at end of full-term pregnancy
Urinary bladder
Vagina
Ruptured amniotic sac
Rectum
1
Stage of dilation
Placenta
2
Stage of expulsion
Uterus
Placenta
Umbilical cord
3
Placental stage
Suckling of
baby on nipple
causes
Increasing
Touch sensations
Receptors
Touch-sensitive sensory
neurons in nipple
Input
Nerve impulses
Control center
Positive feedback: milk
availability encourages
continued suckling, so
touch sensations on
nipple and oxytocin
release continue
Increased oxytocin
in blood
Hypothalamus and
posterior pituitary
Output
Effectors
Contraction of
myoepithelial cells
in mammary glands
Milk ejection
Interruption of cycle:
Baby ceases to suckle,
thus breaking the
positive feedback cycle
P
p
P
Homologous chromosomes
of heterozygous father
P
p
Homologous chromosomes
of heterozygous mother
P
Meiosis
Possible
sperm
types
p
p
Possible
ova types
P
p
PP
Pp
P
Possible genotypes of
zygotes (in boxes)
p
Pp
pp
Punnett square
Possible genotypes
of offspring
1PP
2Pp
1pp
Homozygous
dominant
Heterozygous
dominant
Homozygous
recessive
1PP
Possible phenotypes
of offspring
2Pp
Do not have PKU
1pp
Has PKU
HbA
HbA
HbS
HbA
HbS
Meiosis
HbA
HbS
HbS
Possible
ova types
Possible
sperm
types
HbA
HbS
HbAHbA
HbAHbS
HbA
HbS
HbAHbS
HbSHbS
Punnett square
HbAHbA = normal
HbAHbS = carrier of sickle-cell disease
HbSHbS = has sickle-cell disease
Possible
genotypes of
zygotes (in
boxes)
A
A
A
B
A
AB
A
O
B
B
Parents
A, O
A, B, AB, O
A, B, AB
A, O
B, O
Offspring
B
AB
B
O
AB AB
AB
O
O
O
Parents
A, B, AB
Offspring
B, O
A, B, AB
A, B
O
P generation
AABBCC
(very dark)
aabbcc
(very light)
F1 generation
offspring
Possible ova
Possible
sperm
Possible
F2 generation
offspring
AaBbCc
AaBbCc
(intermediate) (intermediate)
1
2
9
3
10
4
11
5
12
6
13
7
14
8
15
16
X
17
18
19
20
21
22
Y
23
XY
Sex chromosomes
of father
XX
Sex chromosomes
of mother
Y
X
X
Meiosis
Possible
sperm
types
X
X
XX
XX
XY
XY
X
Possible
ova types
X
Y
Punnett square
Possible gender
of offspring
2 XX
2 XY
Females
Males
Possible sex
chromosomes of
zygotes (in
boxes)
XCXc
Normal female who
carries recessive gene
XCY
Normal male
XC
Y
XC
Meiosis
Possible
sperm
types
Xc
Possible
ova types
XC
Xc
XCXC
XCXc
XCY
XcY
XC
Y
Possible
genotypes of
zygotes (in
boxes)
Punnett square
XCXC
Possible phenotypes
of offspring
Normal
female
XCXc
Normal
female
(carrier)
XCY
Normal
male
XcY
Color-blind
male