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Download The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
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The Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology Crosby High School Polymers Long chains Made of Monomers Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Carbohydrates Monosaccharide – Serve as fuel and C source – Multiples of CH2O – Glucose – Fructose – Galactose – Hexose, Pentose, Triose – Ketose and Aldose Carbohydrates (cont.) Formed by glycosidic linkages Maltose = glucose + glucose Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose + galactose Carbohydrates (still) Polysaccharides – Storage Starch – Stored in plastids – Usually helical Glycogen – Structural Cellulose Lipids: Fat Glycerol and Fatty acids Hydrophobic Ester Linkages – Tail: fatty acid – Head: glycerol Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated – No double bonds – May lead to heart disease Unsaturated – One or more double bonded C – “Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils” Lipids: Phospholipids Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, PO4 group Hydrophobic tail Hydrophilic head Assembly in water – Micelle – Phospholipid Bilayer Lipids: Steroids Steroids Cholesterol – Precursor of steroids – i.e. Sex hormones Proteins Polypeptides – Peptide bonds – Amino Acids Amino group Carboxyl group Hydrogen R group – Two distinct ends N-terminus C-terminus Proteins Structures Primary – Frederick Sanger (1950) and Sanger Sequencing Secondary – Alpha helix – Beta pleated sheet Tertiary – Hydrophobic interactions – Disulfide bridges Quaternary – Aggregate of subunits – Collagen Protein Folding Denaturation – pH – Salt concentration – Aqeous organic solvent – Chemicals that disrupt bonds – heat Chaperonins X-ray Crystallography Nucleic Acids Types – Deoxyribonucleic Acid – Ribonucleic Acid mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Inheritance – Double helix held together by H bonds Nucleic Acids Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds Parts of nucleotides – Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidine Purine – Pentose DNA RNA – Phosphate group Monosaccharides Storage Structure Phospholipids Non-polar a.a Polar a.a Primary Structure Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Protein Folding Nucleotide Components Nucleic Acid
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