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Quote of the Day 9.04 Describe challenges to traditional practices in religion, race, and gender. Changing Minority Roles What do you know about the Renaissance? Harlem Renaissance African-American cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s, centered around the Harlem neighborhood of NYC Included new literary, artistic, and musical styles which would go on to heavily influence American culture of the mid and late 20th century Langston Hughes 1902 – 1967 American novelist, playwright, short story writer, and magazine columnist Pioneered new form of poetry known as “jazz poetry” Much of his work focuses on the theme “black is beautiful” and takes pride in the diversity of African-American culture Zora Neale Hurston American folklorist, anthr opologist, and author during the Harlem Renaissance. Of Hurston's four novels and more than 50 published short stories, plays, and essays, she is best known for her 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. The Cotton Club 1920 – 1940 Famous Harlem nightclub which featured jazz and blues music Catered to a mostly white audience, so marked the first significant exposure for many whites to black musical styles The Apollo Theater Harlem theater which originally opened in 1914, but didn’t become a predominantly black venue until 1934 Fell into decline in the 1960s and even became just a simple movie theater before being revived in 1983; today it has protected federal landmark status Changing perceptions of immigration Nativism • After WWI over a million immigrants came from eastern and southern Europe; they were mainly Catholic and Jews… • Once again native born Protestants feared job competition and radical socialist beliefs. • Congress passed two quota laws to limit immigration • Quota Act of 1921 and 1924 The Red Scare A wave of mass fear of suspected communists radicals Radicals thought to be plotting a revolution within the US April 1919: dozens of bombs were sent through the US Mail to important government officials and business leaders, further encouraging the belief that communists were plotting against the US The Palmer Raids Federal agents raided the headquarters of various radical organizations, trying to identify the terror bombers No evidence was ever found, but hundreds of immigrants were deported due to suspicion Agents entered homes without search warrants, jailed individuals without charges, and refused lawyers – all violations of basic civil rights A. Mitchell Palmer 1872 – 1936 US Attorney General Became an assassination target of anarchists, survived two bomb attacks Organized a new branch of the Justice Department – the General Intelligence Unit (GIU) – to investigate “radical” organizations J. Edgar Hoover 1895 – 1972 Hand picked by Palmer to head the GIU, remained in charge until his death in 1972 (the GIU became the FBI in 1935) Well known for using extralegal methods Sacco & Vanzetti Ferdinando Nicola Sacco (1891– 1927) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (1888–1927) 1920: Convicted of armed robbery and murder in a highly controversial trial, many believed they were blamed simply due to the fact that they were immigrants and associated with anarchists Executed in 1927, despite a confession to the crime by another individual Reveals Nativism within Government Changing roles for women Women in the Workforce Thousands of women began to enter the workforce during the 1920s, primarily in lowwage, low-skill jobs such as secretarial work, and as sales clerks and telephone operators Most of these workers were single women seeking financial independence from their restrictive parents Flappers Many young women rebelled against the morals of their parents by wearing shorter skirts, shorter hairstyles, smoking, drinking, dancing, and dating without “adult” chaperones Also referred to as “Vamps”. The New Morality Marriage began to be redefined among the younger generation – they began to believe that a successful marriage required romance, friendship, and sexual compatibility rather than just a sense of duty to one’s family Young people also began to focus on having fun, something that became more available to them with the increased mobility offered by automobiles Margaret Sanger 1879 – 1966 Nurse Believed that large families led to poverty and to fewer opportunities for women Began to promote use of birth control, especially amongst the poor and minorities Opened her own chain of birth control clinics, mostly in poor ghettos Founded American Birth Control League Changing roles of religion Religious Fundamentalism The relaxed morality and growing materialism of the US during the 1920s led many people, especially the older and more rural population, to embrace a new wave of religious fundamentalism Fundamentalists placed much of the blame on immigration, alcohol, science, and new technologies for America’s slide into immorality Billy Sunday 1862 – 1935 Former Major League baseball player who left sports to become a wildly popular revivalist minister, preaching to over 1 million people during his career One of the driving forces behind Prohibition, he also opposed unrestricted immigration and the teaching of evolution in schools Aimee Semple McPherson 1890 – 1944 Revivalist minister who sometimes engaged in faith healing and speaking in tongues, she operated her own 5000 seat church in LA and broadcast her sermons over the radio Lifelong opponent of the teaching of evolution Complicated personal life included several marriages, a faked kidnapping publicity stunt, and death by accidental overdose of sedatives Tennessee’s Butler Act Passed in 1925 The state of Tennessee banned all schools, including universities, from teaching human evolution and required the teaching of creationism Punishment for breaking the law was a fine of $100 - $500 per offense ACLU The American Civil Liberties Union had been founded in 1920 "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States.“ In 1925, the ACLU sought out a teacher who would be willing to intentionally violate the Butler Act in order to test the constitutionality of the Act John Scopes 1900 – 1970 Tennessee high school teacher who agreed to be the ACLU’s test case Used the state-approved biology textbook (which contained a chapter on evolution) to teach the subject, thereby breaking the law and triggering the Scopes Monkey Trial Encouraged his own students to testify against him! Scopes Monkey Trial Tried in July 1925 Case drew high-profile coverage from all over the world as science faced off against religious fundamentalism Defense would argue both that evolution was not necessarily in conflict with creationism and that the law was unconstitutional on the grounds that it was designed to benefit the beliefs of a specific religious group William Jennings Bryan 1860 – 1925 3-time candidate for president and former Secretary of State Served as a special prosecutor for the state during the Scopes trial and even testified as an “expert witness” (his testimony was largely damaging to his own case and was struck from the record) Died 5 days after the trial ended Clarence Darrow 1857 – 1938 Celebrity criminal lawyer, fresh off a nationally covered murder case in Chicago where he had saved the lives of his teenage clients Brought in as a “hired gun” by the ACLU both for his skill as a lawyer and for the publicity his reputation would bring The Decision Scopes was found guilty by a jury and fined $100 by the judge On appeal, his conviction was overturned on a technicality, but the constitutionality of the Butler Act was upheld (it was repealed in 1967 and laws like it were declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court in 1968)