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Ecology
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The study of interactions that take place
between organisms and their environment
All organisms are depend on each other =
interdependent
Organisms interact with living and nonliving things in their environment
What is a habitat?
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Habitat – A place where an organism
lives out its life.
Changes of Ecosystems over
Time
 A somewhat regular progression of species
replacement = succession.
 Succession that occurs where plants have not
grown before = primary succession.
 Succession that occurs in areas where there has
been previous growth, such as in abandoned
fields or forest clearings = secondary succession.
Relationships
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Predator-prey- one individual captures,
kills, and consumes another
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Symbiosis – The relationship in which
there is a close and permanent association
between organisms of different species.
Example of Symbiosis
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Commensalism –
relationship between
two organisms where
one is benefited and
the other is neither
benefited or harmed.
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Clown fish and sea
anemone
Example of Symbiosis
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Mutualism –
relationship where
both organisms
benefits.
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Ants and aphids
Example of Symbiosis
Parasitism- one
individual feeds on
another; does not
result in the
immediate death of
the host
Ex. Mosquitoes, ticks,
tapeworm
And Don’t Forget
Competition- some organisms that live in the
same place compete for the same limited
resource
Competition leads to…
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Niche – the job of a specific organism within
and ecosystem.
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Fundamental niche – everywhere an organism may
potentially occupy to gain resources
Realized niche – the actually location an organism
occupies to gain resources
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Warbler
Warbler Foraging Zones
And Competition leads to…
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Biodiversity – variety of organisms living
in a community
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Promotes stability and productivity
What are the major biological
communities?
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Climate determines where species live
Biomes
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Affected by temperature and climate
Occurs over a large area
7 major terrestrial biomes
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Tropical rain forest
Savanna
Taiga
Tundra
Desert
Temperate grass-land
Temperate forest (deciduous and evergreen)
Elements of Climate
Aquatic Communities
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Freshwater
Wetlands
Shallow Ocean Waters
Surface of the Sea
Ocean Depths