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THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
CREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY
Seventh Edition
Chapter
12
The Union in Peril
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Union in Peril
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Slavery in the Territories
Political Disintegration
Kansas and the Two Cultures
Polarization and the Road to War
The Divided House Falls
Conclusion: The “Irrepressible Conflict”
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Slavery in the Territories
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
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Deferring Conflict
• Compromise even in 1787
• Missouri Compromise
 South Carolina had tried to nullify, 1833
• Gag rule, 1836
• 1840’s the conflict breaks out again
 Debate increasingly North v. South
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Free Soil or Protection
• War with Mexico, 1846
 Wilmot Proviso
• Free Soilers
 Some oppose slavery for ideological reasons
 Some don’t want blacks in the West
• John C. Calhoun
 Says Congress has no right to limit slavery
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
War News
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Compromise of 1850
• Popular sovereignty: leave decision to
states
• Election of 1848
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Whigs choose Zachary Taylor – slaveholder
Democrats nominate Cass – no stand
Free-Soilers select Van Buren
Taylor elected
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Compromise of 1850 (cont’d)
• Henry Clay proposes compromise
 Put forward by Stephen Douglas, Illinois
• The Compromise
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California free
New Mexico and Utah to decide themselves
Slave trade abolished in District of Columbia
Fugitive Slave Act
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Consequences of the Compromise
• Two new political issues
 Greater sectional alignment
 Constitution questioned as supreme law
• Fugitive slave law unpopular
 Many vowed not to comply
 States pass “personal liberty laws”
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Consequences of the Compromise
(cont'd)
• Rhetoric angrier
 Frederick Douglass
 Sojourner Truth
 Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Compromise of 1850
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Political Disintegration
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Party Politics
• Party lines blurred
• Voter apathy
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Celebrating a Political Victory
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Nebraska Bill – Stephen Douglas
 To push development
 Violated Missouri Compromise
 Bill passes
• Whig party disappears
• Know Nothings and Republicans emerge
• Slavery issue enflamed
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Expansionist “Young America”
• Franklin Pierce, elected 1852
 Expansionist
 Search for more cottonlands
 Gadsden Purchase, 1853
• Filibusters into Mexico
• Attempts to acquire Cuba
 Ostend Manifesto
 Supported by Democrats
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Expansionist “Young America” in the 1850s: Attempted
Raids into Latin America
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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New Political Directions
• Nativism, Know-Nothings
 Angered by immigrants, especially Catholics
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Immigration and Politics
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Immigration and Politics, cont
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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New Political Directions (cont’d)
• Republicans
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Moralists, against slavery
Anti-Catholic
Reformers
Supporters of Clay’s American System
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
New Political Directions (cont'd)
• Election of 1856
 Republicans: John C. Frémont
 Democrats: James Buchanan
 Know-Nothings: Millard Fillmore
• Buchanan wins with only 45% of popular
vote
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Kansas and the Two Cultures
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Competing For Kansas
• Passage of Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Kansas to vote on the slavery issue
Free-Soilers mobilize
So does opposition
Elections disputed
• Kansas becomes a microcosm of national
issues
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
“Bleeding Kansas”
• Free-Soilers v. pro-southern forces
 Lawrence, Kansas sacked
 Pottowatomie Creek Massacre – John Brown
• Minor civil war
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Scenes from North and South
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Scenes from North and South, cont
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Kansas and the Two Cultures
• The North
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Cities, many small towns
Moral legislation favored
Slavery seen as an evils
A mobile society: socially and geographically
• The South
 Social order important
 For states’ rights
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Polarization and
the Road to War
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Dred Scott Case
• Dred and Harriet Scott claim they are free
• Court rules they are not free
 Of an inferior order without rights
 Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
 Fact that Scott’s stay in free states irrelevant
• Decision endorsed by President Buchanan
• The decision further exacerbates
sectionalism
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Constitutional Crisis in Kansas
• Lecompton Constitution, 1857
 Pro-slavery, barring free blacks from state
 Did not reflect popular opinion in Kansas
• Congress rejects Lecompton Constitution
 Stephen Douglas opposes it
 Buchanan supports it
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Lincoln and the Illinois Debates
• Illinois senatorial race, 1858
 Lincoln speaks against sectionalism, slavery
 Douglas takes no moral stand
• Douglas elected
• Republicans do well elsewhere
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
John Brown’s Raid
• John Brown, 1859, tries to begin slave
uprising
 Attacks federal arsenal at Harper’ Ferry
• His attack and death seen as heroic by
many
 Provoked fear of revolt in the South
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
John Brown as an
Avenging Hero
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Election of 1860
• Democrats have two conventions, two
candidates
• Republicans choose Lincoln
• Lincoln elected
• Secession follows before inauguration
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Presidential Election of 1860
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Divided House Falls
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Secession and Uncertainty
• December, 1860, South Carolina secedes
 Six more states follow
 Confederate States created, February, 1861
 Jefferson Davis elected president
• Lincoln waits, considers
 Dedicated to preserving Union
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Secession and Uncertainty (cont'd)
• Provisioning of Fort Sumter prevented
 Jefferson Davis orders the fort surrender
 As relief expedition nears, Confederacy fires
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Conclusion:
The “Irrepressible Conflict”
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Conclusion:
The “Irrepressible Conflict”
• After 1848, conflict intensifies
• Many divisions: economic, cultural,
political
• But slavery is decisive
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Timeline
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition
Nash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.