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Chapter 9
Race and Ethnicity
Race: Myth and Reality
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The Reality of Human Variety
The Myth of Pure Races
The Myth of a Fixed Number of Races
The Myth of Racial Superiority
The Myth Continues
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Module 31
Minority, Racial, and
Ethnic Groups
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Racial group:
█ Group set apart from others because of
obvious physical differences
Ethnic group:
█ Group set apart from others primarily
because of its national origin and/or
distinctive cultural patterns
Module 31
Minority Groups
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Minority group: Subordinate group
whose members have significantly less
control or power over their own lives
– Properties of minority groups include:
• Unequal treatment
• Distinguishing cultural characteristics
• Involuntary membership
• Solidarity
• In-group marriage
Module 31
Minority Groups
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Minority group does not necessarily
imply a smaller number.
– South African prior to the end of apartheid
• Black South Africans were 79% of the total
population and yet they were the minority
group
• White South Africans were 9.6% of the
population and yet they were the majority
group
Module 31
Race
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Research shows that race is not a
meaningful way of differentiating people
– Racial group refers
to these minorities
– Social construction
of race: Society
socially constructs
which differences
are important
Historical Efforts to Define Race
• Linnaeus:
4 human races
• Blumenbach:
5 human races
• Cuvier:
3 human races
• Hunter:
7 human races
• Burke:
63 human races
• Pickering:
11 human races
Historical Efforts to Define Race
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Very:
2 species; 3 in races each
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Haeckel:
36 human races
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Huxley:
4 human races
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Topinard:
19 races under 3 headings
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Desmoulins:
16 species
• Deniker:
17 races and 30 types
Module 31
Race
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Racial formation: Sociohistorical process
in which racial categories are created,
inhibited, transformed, and destroyed
– Native Americans
– “One-drop rule”
Module 31
Race
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Recognition of Multiple Identities
– In 1990, Du Bois predicted “the color
line” foremost problem of 20th century
• Immigration from Latin America
shows fluid nature of race formation
• Biracial society being replaced by triracial
– Stereotypes: Unreliable generalizations
about all members of a group that do not
recognize individual differences with the group
Module 31
Prejudice Attitude
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Prejudice: Negative attitude
toward an entire category of people
– Ethnocentrism: Tendency to assume one’s
culture and way of life are superior to others
– Racism: Belief that one race is
supreme and others are innately inferior
Module 31
Discriminatory Behavior
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Discrimination: Denial of opportunities
and equal rights to individuals and groups
based on some type of arbitrary bias
– Discrimination persists even for educated
and qualified minority members
Glass ceiling: invisible barrier blocking
promotion of qualified individuals in work
environment because of gender, race, or
ethnicity
Merton’s Typology of Prejudice and
Discrimination
Prejudiced
Attitude?
Discriminatory
behavior?
Unprejudiced
nondiscriminator
No
No
Unprejudiced
discriminator
No
Yes
Prejudiced
Nondiscriminator
Yes
No
Prejudiced
Discriminator
Yes
Yes
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Group
Interaction
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Genocide
Colonialism
Segregation
Acculturation
Pluralism
Assimilation
Amalgamation
Genocide
• Annihilation of an entire nation or people.
• In the 20th century Hitler led the Nazi
extermination of 12 million people in the
Holocaust.
• In the early 1990s ethnic Serbs attempted
to eliminate Muslims from parts of Bosnia.
Genocide
• In 1994 genocide took pace in Rwanda
when Hutus slaughtered hundreds of
thousands of Tutsis.
• Currently in the Darfur region of Sudan,
the Sudanese government, using Arab
janaweed militias, its air force, and
organized starvation, is systematically
killing the black Sudanese population.
Colonialism
• A racial or ethnic group from one society takes
over and dominates the racial or ethnic group(s) of
another society.
• Examples: European invasion of North America,
British occupation of India, Dutch presence in
South Africa before the end of apartheid
Segregation
• Physical separation of two groups in
residence, workplace, and social
functions.
– de jure ( by law)
– de facto (in fact)
Expulsion or Population Transfer
• Occurs when a dominant group forces a
subordinate group to leave the country or
to live only in designated areas of the
country.
• The 1830 Indian Removal Act called for
the relocation of eastern tribes to land
west of the Mississippi River.
Acculturation
• Refers to adopting the culture of a group
different from the one in which a person
was originally raised.
• Acculturation may involve learning the
dominant language and adopting new
values and behaviors.
Pluralism
• Refers to a state in which racial and ethnic
groups maintain their distinctness but respect
each other and have equal access to social
resources.
• In Switzerland, four ethnic groups—French,
Italians, Germans, and Swiss Germans—
maintain their distinct cultural heritage and
group identity in an atmosphere of mutual
respect and social equality.
Assimilation
• The process by which formerly distinct and
separate groups merge and become integrated
as one.
– Secondary assimilation: integration in
public areas and social institutions, such as
neighborhoods, schools, workplaces, and
government.
– Primary assimilation integration in personal,
associations, as with friends, family, and
spouses.
Amalgamation
• When different ethnic or racial groups
become married or pair-bonded and produce
children.
• Since 1960:
– Number of black-white married couples
has increased fivefold
– Number of Asian-white married couples
has increased tenfold
– Number of Hispanics married to nonHispanics has tripled
Ethnic Groups
• People often confuse the terms race and
ethnic group
• Race Refers to Biological Characteristics
• Ethnicity Refers to Cultural Characteristics
– Common Ancestry
– Cultural Heritage
– Nations of Origin
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Minority and Dominant Groups
• Minority Group - People Singled Out for
Unequal Treatment
• Minority Group Not Necessarily Numerical
Minority
• Emergence of Minority Groups
– Expansion of political boundaries
– Migration
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Minority and Dominant Groups
• Dominant Group - Group with Most…
– Power
– Privileges
– Highest Social Status
• Dominant Group Does the Discriminating
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Constructing Racial-Ethnic Identity
• Sense of Ethnicity
– Relative Size
– Power
– Appearance
– Discrimination
• Ethnic Work and the Melting Pot
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Prejudice and Discrimination
• Learning Prejudice
– Prejudice vs. Discrimination
– Learning from Association
– Far-Reaching Nature of Prejudice
– Internalizing Dominant Norms
• Lighter/Darker Skin
• Ethnic Maps
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Individual and Institutional
Discrimination
• Home Mortgages
– African Americans and Latinos were 60
percent more likely to be rejected
• Health Care
– Discrimination does not have to be deliberate
– Researchers do not know why race–ethnicity
is a factor in medical decisions
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Theories of Prejudice
• Psychological Perspectives
– Frustration and Scapegoats
– The Authoritarian Personality
• Sociological Perspectives
– Functionalism
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Theories of Prejudice
– Conflict Theory
• Keep Workers Insecure
• Exploit Racial-Ethnic Divisions
– Symbolic Interactionism
• How Labels Create Prejudice
• Labels and Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes
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Race and Ethnic Relations in the
United States: Europeans Americans
• White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASPs)
held deep prejudices against other whites
• Nation’s Founders Included Only Those
from England
• Other “White” Europeans Inferior
• Naturalization Act of 1790: only white
immigrants could apply for citizenship
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Race-Ethnicity of the U.S. Population
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U.S. RacialEthnic Groups
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The Distribution of Dominant and Minority Groups
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Geographical Origins of U.S. Latinos
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Where U.S. Latinos Live
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Race and Ethnic Relations in the
United States: Asian-Americans
• Background of Discrimination
• Diversity
• Reasons for Success
– Family life
– Educational achievement
– Assimilation into mainstream culture
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Countries of Origin
of Asian Americans
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Race and Ethnic Relations in the
United States: Native Americans
• Diversity of Groups
• From Treaties to Genocide and Population
Transfer
• The Invisible Minority and SelfDetermination
• Pan-Indianism
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