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Transcript 
Chapter Twenty
The
Representative
Elements- Groups
5A Throught 8
Representative Elements: Groups 5A8A
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20 | 2
Figure 20.1
The
Molecules
of the Types
MX3, MX5,
and MX6
Formed by
Group 5A
Elements
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20 | 3
Figure 20.2
The
Structures
of the
Tetrahedral
MX4+ and
Octahedral
MX6- Ions
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20 | 4
Figure 20.5
The Haber
Process for
the
Manufacture
of Ammonia
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20 | 5
Figure 20.6 The Nitrogen Cycle
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20 | 6
Figure 20.7 The Molecular Structure of
Hydrazine (N2H4)
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20 | 7
Figure 20.8 The Molecular Orbital EnergyLevel Diagram for Nitric Oxide (NO)
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20 | 8
Figure 20.9
The Ostwald
Process
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20 | 9
Figure 20.10a The Molecular Structure
of HNO3
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20 | 10
Figure 20.11 (a) The P4 Molecule Found in
White Phosphorus (b) The Crystalline
Network Structure of Black Phosphorous (c)
The Chain Structure of Red Phosphorus
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20 | 11
Figure
20.12 The
Structures
of P4O6 and
P4O10
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20 | 12
Figure 20.13 a & b (a) The Structure of
Phosphorous Acid (H3PO3). (b) The
Structure of Hypophosphorous Acid
(H3PO2)
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20 | 13
Figure
20.14 a & b
Structures
of the
Phosphorus
Halides
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20 | 14
Figure 20.15 The Frasch Process for
Recovering Sulfur from Underground Deposits
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20 | 15
Figure 20.16 a & b (a) The S8 Molecule
(b) Chains of Sulfur Atoms in Viscous
Liquid Sulfur
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20 | 16
Figure 20.18 Structure of Sulfur
Dioxide
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20 | 17
Figure 20.19 Resonance Structures of
SO3
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20 | 18
Figure 20.20
Different
Structures for
Solid SO3 (a)
S3O9 Rings
(b) (SO3)x
Chains
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20 | 19
Figure 20.22 The Structures of (a) SF4,
(b) SF6, (c) S2F10 and (d) S2Cl2
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20 | 20
Figure 20.23 The Hydrogen Bonding
Among HF Molecules in Liquid
Hydrogen Fluoride
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20 | 21
Figure 20.24 The Structures of the
Oxychloro Anions
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20 | 22
Figure 20.25 The Idealized Structures
of the Interhalogens CIF3 and IF5
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20 | 23
Figure 20.26 The Structures of Several
Known Xenon Compounds
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20 | 24
Samples Stored in a Liquid Nitrogen
Tank
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20 | 25
An Inert-Atmosphere Box Used When Working
with Oxygen-or Water-Sensitive Materials
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20 | 26
Nodules on
the Roots of
Pea Plants
Contain
NitrogenFixing
Bacteria
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20 | 27
Blowing Agents Such as Hydrazine are
used to Produce Porous Plastics
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20 | 28
A Copper
Penny Reacts
with Nitric
Acid
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20 | 29
The Phosphorus in Safety Matches
Helps ignite the Flame in the Match
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20 | 30
Pouring Liquid Sulfur into Water to
Produce Plastic Sulfur
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20 | 31
Figure 20.17 a & b (a) Crystals of Rhombic
Sulfur (b) Crystals of Monoclinic Sulfur
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20 | 32
A Sulfur Deposit
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20 | 33
Melted Sulfur Obtained from Underground
Deposits by the Frasch Process
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20 | 34
Figure 20.21 (a) A Beaker of Sucrose (table sugar)
(b) Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Reacts with the
Sucrose to Produce a Column of Carbon
(c) Accompanied by an Intense Burnt-Sugar Odor
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20 | 35
Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine
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20 | 36
A Candle
Burning in an
Atmosphere
of Cl2(g)
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20 | 37
This Steuben Glass Design was Etched
Using Hydrofluoric Acid
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20 | 38
Glasses with Photosensitve Lenses
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20 | 39
Neon, a Noble Gas, is Used in
Luminescent Lighting
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20 | 40
Table 20.1
Selected
Physical
Properties,
Sources, and
Methods of
Preparation
for the Group
5A Elements
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20 | 41
Table 20.2 Some Common Nitrogen Compounds
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20 | 42
Table 20.3 Comparison of the Bond
Lengths and Bond Energies for Nitric
Oxide and the Nitrosyl Ion
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20 | 43
Table 20.4
Selected
Physical
Properties,
Sources, and
Methods of
Preparation
for the Group
6A Elements
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20 | 44
Table 20.5 Common Compounds of
Sulfur with Various Oxidation States
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20 | 45
Table 20.6 Trends in Selected Physical
Properties of the Group 7A Elements
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20 | 46
Table 20.7 Some Physical Properties,
Sources, and Methods of Preparation
for the Group 7A Elements
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20 | 47
Table 20.8 Some Physical Properties of
the Hydrogen Halides
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20 | 48
Table 20.9 The Enthalpies and Entropies
of Hydration for the Halide Ions
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20 | 49
Table 20.10 The Known Oxyacids of
the Halogens
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20 | 50
Table 20.11 Some Compounds of the
Halogens with Nonmetals
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20 | 51
Table 20.12 Selected Properties of
Group 8A Elements
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20 | 52
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