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Modern Chemistry
Chapter 8
Chemical Equations
and Reactions
Sections 1, 2 & 3
Describing Chemical Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions
Activity Series of the Elements
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
1
Chapter Vocabulary
Synthesis reaction
Decomposition reaction
Electrolysis
Single-displacement reaction
Double-displacement reaction
Combustion reaction
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
2
Section 2
Types of Chemical Reactions
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
3
Synthesis
Reaction
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
4
Synthesis Reaction
Two or more substances combine to form
a new compound
A + X  AX
1. Element + oxygen  oxide
2. Metal + halogen  metal halide
3. Oxide + water  hydroxide
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
5
Hydrogen Rockets
2H2 (g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)
Synthesis Reaction
Combustion Reaction
Exothermic Reactions
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
6
Synthesis Reaction
1. Element + Oxygen  Oxide
P4 (s) + O2 (g)  P4O10 (g)
H2 (g) + O2 (g)  H2O(g)
Insert Holt: Visualizing Matter Disc 1
Insert McMurry Fay Chemistry Disc 2
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
7
Reactions with Oxygen
Insert McMurry Fay Chemistry Disc 2
See White Phosphorus Barking Dogs on Houghton Mifflin Chemistry DVD
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
8
Synthesis Reaction
2. Metal + Halogen  Metal Halide
2Na (s) + Cl2 (g)  2NaCl (s)
2Al (s) + 3Br2 (l)  2AlBr3 (s)
Insert McMurry Fay Chemistry Disc 1
See Zinc and Iodide Reaction on Houghton Mifflin Chemistry DVD
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
9
Synthesis Reaction
3. Oxide + Water  Hydroxide
metal
CaO
base
(s)
+ H2O
(l)
2P2 O5 (s) + 6H2O
 Ca(OH)2
(l)
(aq)
 4H3PO4 (aq)
acid
nonmetal
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
10
Oxides and Water
2P2 O5 (s) + 6H2O
p. xx
(l)
CaO
 4H3PO4 (aq)
(s)
+ H2O
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
(l)
 Ca(OH)2
(aq)
11
Predicting the Products
Write the balanced chemical equation
for the reaction of antimony and
hydrogen.
Potassium oxide reacts with water to form a
compound. Write a balanced chemical
equation for the reaction.
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
12
Decomposition
Reaction
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
13
Decomposition Reaction
A single compound breaks down into two
or more simpler substances
AX  A + X
Decompositions of…
1. Binary Compounds
2. Metal Carbonates
3. Metal Hydroxides
4. Metal Chlorates
5. Acids
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
14
Decomposition Reactions
1. Decomposition of Binary Compounds
HgO (g)  Hg(s) + O2 (g)
H2O(l)  H2 (g) + O2 (g)
Insert Holt: Visualizing Matter Disc 1
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
15
Electrolysis
p. 270
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
16
Decomposition Reaction
2. Decomposition of Metal Carbonates
CaCO3 (s)  CaO
(s)
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
+ CO2
(g)
17
Decomposition Reaction
3. Decomposition of Metal Hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 (s)  CaO
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
(s)
+ H2O
(l)
18
Decomposition Reaction
4. Decomposition of Metal Chlorates
KClO3 (s)  KCl
(s)
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
+ O2
(g)
19
Decomposition Reaction
5. Decomposition of Acids
H2CO3 (aq)  H2O
(l)
+ CO2 (g)
Insert Holt: Visualizing Matter Disc 1
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
20
Names of Acids
Memorize the names of common acids.
hydrochloric acid HCl
hydrobromic acid HBr
hydroiodic acid HI
Ammonia = NH3
hydrofluoric acid HF
Not an acid nitric acid HNO3
but good
sulfuric acid H2SO4
to know!
phosphoric acid H3PO4
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
21
Genie in the Bottle
2H2O2(g)  2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Decomposition Reaction
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
22
Predicting the Products
Calcium carbonate decomposes into two
compounds. Write the balance equation for
the reaction.
Write the balanced equation for the
decomposition of cobalt II bromide.
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
23
Single
Displacement
Reaction
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
24
Single Displacement Reaction
One element replaces a similar element in
a compound
A + BX  AX + B
Y + BX  BY + X
1.
2.
3.
4.
Displacement
Displacement
Displacement
Displacement
of
of
of
of
Metals
Halogen
H in Water by a Metal
H in Acid by a Metal
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
25
Single Displacement
1. Displacement of Metals
copper II + silver I nitrate 
+2
+1
+2
-1
 Cu + Ag (NO3)
2
Insert Holt: Visualizing Matter
Disc 1
Cu + Ag
-1
(NO3)
Diatomic?
Cu (s) + Ag(NO3) (aq)  Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq)
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
26
Single Displacement
2. Displacement of Halogens
fluorine and sodium chloride
-1
+1 -1
F2 + Na Cl
Diatomic?
 F
-1
+1 -1
+
Na
Cl
2
Diatomic?
F2 (g) + NaCl
(s)
 Cl2
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
(g)
+ NaF
(s)
28
Single Displacement
3. Displacement of H in Water by a Metal
lithium + water 
+1
Li
+1
-1
+1
+1
-1
+ H (OH)  Li 2 + H (OH)
Li(s) + H2O
(l)
 H2
(g)
+ LiOH
(aq)
Insert McMurry Fay Chemistry Disc 1
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
29
Single Displacement
4. Displacement of H in Acid by a Metal
magnesium + hydrochloric acid 
+2
+1 -1
Mg + H Cl
Mg(s) + HCl
(aq)
+2
+1
-1
Mg + H Cl
2
2
 MgCl2
(aq)
+ H2(g)
Insert Holt: Visualizing Matter Disc 1
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
30
Predicting the Products
Write the balanced equation for the
replacement of chromium by magnesium in
chromium III chloride.
Write the balanced chemical equation for the
reaction of bromine and iron III iodide.
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
32
Double
Displacement
Reaction
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
33
Double Displacement
The ions of two compounds exchange
places in an aqueous solution to form
two new compounds
AX + BY  BX + AY
1. Formation of a Precipitate
2. Formation of a Gas
3. Formation of Water
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
34
Double Displacement
1.Formation of a Precipitate
potassium iodide + lead II nitrate
+1
-1
+2
-1
+2 -1
+1
-1
K I + Pb (NO3) 2 K I 2 + Pb (NO3)
KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq)  KNO3 (aq) + PbI2 (s)
Insert Holt: Visualizing Matter Disc 1
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
35
Iron III Choride & Sodium Hydroxide
Silver Nitrate & Sodium Chloride
Insert Holt: Visualizing Matter Disc 1
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
36
Double Displacement
2. Formation of a Gas
iron II sulfide + hydrochloric acid
+2
-2
+1
Fe S + H Cl
-1
+1 -2
+2
-1
 Fe S + H Cl
2
2
FeS(s) + 2HCl (aq)  H2S (g) + FeCl2 (aq)
Insert Holt: Visualizing Matter Disc 1
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
37
Double Displacement
3. Formation of Water
sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid 
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1 -1
+1
Na OH + H Cl  Na OH + H OH
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  H2O (l) + NaCl(aq)
Insert Holt: Visualizing Matter Disc 1
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
38
-1
Predicting the Products
Write the balanced chemical equation
for the reaction between potassium
bromide and silver I nitrate.
Write the balanced chemical equation for the
reaction of potassium sulfate and barium
nitrate.
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
39
Combustion
Reaction
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
40
Combustion
A substance combines with oxygen
releasing a large amount of energy in
the form of light and heat
X + O2  XO2
H2 (g) + O2 (g)  H2O (g)
CxHy + O2  CO2 + H2O
C3H8 + O2  3CO2 + 4H2O
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
41
Naming Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons – compounds containing
hydrogen and carbon
Carbon has four bonds.
There are three classes of hydrocarbons:
alkanes – all single bonds
alkenes – contain one double bond
alkynes – contain one triple bond
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
43
Naming Hydrocarbons
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
44
Naming Hydrocarbons
Prefixes tell the number of carbon atoms
in the molecule
1
2
3
4
5
-
meth
eth
prop
but
pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
45
Naming Hydrocarbons
Alkanes –
names
end in
–ane.
Cx H2x + 2
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
46
Naming Hydrocarbons
Alkenes – names end in –ene.
Cx H2x
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
47
Naming Hydrocarbons
Alkynes –
names
end in
–yne.
Cx H2x - 2
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
48
Naming Hydrocarbons
Find the formula of the following hydrocarbons
Butene
Octane
Pentyne
Propene
Butane
Ethyne
C
C
C
C
C
C
H8
8 H 18
5H 8
3 H 6
4 H 10
2H 2
4
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
49
Predicting the Products
Octane combusts. Write the balanced
equation for the reaction.
Write the balanced reaction for the combustion
of pentene.
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
50
Types of Reactions
Movies and Animations
Insert Glencoe Chemistry Concepts & Applications Disc 1
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
51
Section 2 Homework
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
52
Reaction
Comics
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
53
Single Replacement
AB +
C  B +
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
AC
54
Synthesis
A
+
B
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
 AB
55
Double Replacement
AB + CD  CB
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
+ AD
56
Decomposition
AB 
A
Chapter 8 Section 2 Types of
Reactions p. 276-284
+
B
57