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Anatomy & Physiology
SIXTH EDITION
Chapter 23, part 4
The Respiratory System
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by
Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Frederic H. Martini
Fundamentals of
SECTION 23-9
Gas Pickup and Delivery
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Blood in peripheral capillaries delivers O2 and
absorbs CO2
• Reactions are completely reversible
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Figure 23.20 An Overview of Respiratory
Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration
PLAY
Animation: Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration
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Figure 23.20a, b
Oxygen transport
• Carried mainly by RBCs, bound to hemoglobin
• The amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carried is
dependent upon:
• PO2
• pH
• temperature
• BPG
• Fetal hemoglobin has a higher O2 affinity than
adult hemoglobin
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Figure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin
Saturation Curve
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Figure 23.21
Figure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin
Saturation Curve
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Figure 23.21
Figure 23.22 The Effect of pH and Temperature
on Hemoglobin Saturation
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Figure 23.22a, b
Figure 23.23 A Functional Comparison of Fetal
and Adult Hemoglobin
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Figure 23.23
Carbon dioxide transport
• 7% dissolved in plasma
• 70% carried as carbonic acid
• buffer system
• 23% bound to hemoglobin
• carbaminohemoglobin
• Plasma transport
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Figure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood
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Figure 23.24
Figure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood
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Figure 23.24
Summary of gas transport
• Driven by differences in partial pressure
• Oxygen enters blood at lungs and leaves at tissues
• Carbon dioxide enters at tissues and leaves at
lungs
PLAY
Animation: Gas Exchange and Gas Transport
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Figure 23.25 A Summary of the Primary Gas
Transport Mechanisms
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Figure 23.25a, b
SECTION 23-10
Control of Respiration
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Gas absorption/generation balanced by capillary
rates of delivery/removal
• Homeostatic mechanisms maintain balance
• Local regulation of gas transport and alveolar
function include
• Lung perfusion
• Alveolar capillaries constrict in low oxygen
• Alveolar ventilation
• Bronchioles dilate in high carbon dioxide
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Respiratory centers of the brain
• Medullary centers
• Respiratory rhythmicity centers set pace
• Pons
• Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
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Figure 23.27 Respiratory Centers and Reflex
Controls
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Figure 23.27
Respiratory reflexes
• Respiratory centers are modified by sensory
information including
• Chemoreceptor reflexes
• Level of carbon dioxide
• Baroreceptors reflexes
• Hering-Breuer reflexes
• Prevents overinflation
• Protective reflexes
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Figure 23.28 The Chemoreceptor Response to
Changes in PCO2
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Figure 23.28
Voluntary control of respiration
• Regulation of respiratory rate is dependent upon:
• Conscious and unconscious thought
• Emotional state
• Anticipation
PLAY
Animation: Control of Respiration
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SECTION 23-11
Changes in the Respiratory System at Birth
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Neonatal Respiration
• Upon taking the first breath:
• Inhaled air enters the respiratory passages for
the first time
• The bronchial tree and most of the alveoli are
inflated
• Subsequent breaths complete inflation of the
alveoli
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SECTION 23-12
Aging and the Respiratory System
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The efficiency of the respiratory system
decreases with age as:
• Elastic tissue deteriorates causing lower lung
compliance and vital capacity
• Chest movements are restricted by arthritic
changes
• Some degree of emphysema normally occurs
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You should now be familiar with:
• The primary functions of the respiratory system
• The organs of the respiratory system and their
functions
• The processes of external and internal respiration
• The physical principles governing the movement
of air into the lungs and the diffusion of gases
into the blood
• The important structural features of the
respiratory membrane
• How oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up,
transported and released in the blood
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings