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CHAPTER
31
The Urinary
System
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31-2
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
31.1 Describe the structure, location, and
functions of the kidney.
31.2 Explain how nephrons filter blood and
form urine.
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in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
31-3
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
31.3 Compare the locations, structures, and
functions of the ureters, bladder, and
urethra.
31.4 Describe the causes, signs and
symptoms, and treatments of various
diseases and disorders of the urinary
system.
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31-4
Introduction
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
• System functions to remove waste products from
the blood
• Nephrons filter the blood and form the urine
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31-5
The Kidneys
• Maintain homeostasis
– Remove metabolic waste products
– Secrete hormones
• Erythropoietin
• Renin
– Retroperitoneal at level of lumbar vertebrae
Kidneys
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31-7
The Kidneys (cont.)
• Renal sinus
– Concave depression
on the kidney's surface
– Hilum
• Renal pelvis
– Expansion of the ureter
– Divides into calyces
Kidney
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31-8
The Kidneys (cont.)
• Renal cortex – outermost layer
• Renal medulla
– Middle portion
– Divides into renal pyramids
• Renal column – between pyramids
Kidney
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31-10
Nephrons
• Renal corpuscle
– Glomerulus ~ capillaries
– Bowman’s capsule
Nephron
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31-11
Nephrons
• Renal tubules – extend from Bowman’s
capsule
– Proximal convoluted tubule
– Loop of Henle
– Distal convoluted tubule
Nephron
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31-12
Nephrons (cont.)
Renal
artery
Renal vein
Afferent
arterioles
Peritubular
Capillaries
Glomerulus
Efferent
arterioles
Nephron
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31-14
Apply Your Knowledge
What is the function of the kidney?
ANSWER: Maintain hemostasis by removing metabolic
waste products from the blood, secreting erythropoietin
to help regulate RBC production, and secreting renin to
help regulate the BP.
Correct!
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in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
31-15
Urine Formation
• Glomerular Filtration
– Occurs in renal corpuscles
– Fluid part of the blood
• Into Bowman’s capsule
• Becomes glomerular filtrate
Glomerulus
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31-16
Urine Formation (cont.)
• Glomerular filtration
– Filtration pressure – that needed to force
filtrate from the glomerulus into Bowman’s
capsule
– Rate of filtration
• Sympathetic nervous system control
• Constriction of afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
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31-18
Tubular Reabsorption
• Glomerular filtrate  proximal convoluted
tubule
• Reabsorption of needed substances
• Water reabsorption  hormonal regulation
– Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
– Aldosterone
–  water reabsorption,  urine production
Tubular
Reabsorption
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31-19
Tubular Secretion
• Substances move
from blood in the
peritubular
capillaries into the
renal tubules
• Secreted
substances
– Drugs
– Hydrogen ions
– Waste products
Tubular
Secretion
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31-21
Urine Composition
• Mostly water
• Urea and uric acid
• Trace amounts of amino acids and various
ions
• Secretion of waste products helps to
maintain the acid-base balance
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in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
31-22
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
ANSWER:
B Second process in urine formation
___
C Substances move from blood
___
into renal tubules reabsorption
A Depends on filtration pressure
___
A. Glomerular
filtration
B. Tubular
Reabsorption
C. Tubular
Secretion
C Third process of urine formation
___
A First process of urine formation
___
B Filtrate flows into the proximal convoluted tubule
___
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31-24
Urinary Bladder
• Trigone – triangle on internal floor of
bladder
• Detrusor muscle – smooth muscle of
bladder wall
• Micturition
– Process of urination
– Triggered by stretching of the bladder
Bladder
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31-26
Urinary Bladder (cont.)
• Micturition
Brain stem
and cerebral
cortex
Impulses to contract
urethra  inhibit
micturition impulse until
ready to urinate
Spinal cord
Parasympathetic
nerves stimulate
detrusor muscle
Stretch
receptors
Bladder
distends
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31-27
Urethra
• Moves urine from the bladder to the
outside world
• Shorter in females – patient education
– Urinate when urge occurs
– Drink adequate clear fluids
– Wipe front to back
– Urinate after intercourse
Urethra
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31-28
Apply Your Knowledge
True or False: ANSWER:
T Ureters move urine by peristalsis.
___
F The detrusor is formed by the openings of the ureters
___
and urethra. trigone
T The process of micturition is triggered when the bladder
___
contains about 150 ml urine.
ureters
F The urethra move urine from the kidney to the bladder.
___
F The urethra is longer in females.
___
males
T Contraction of the detrusor muscle pushes urine from
___
the bladder.
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31-29
Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Disease/Disorder Description
Acute kidney
(renal) failure
Chronic kidney
(renal) failure
Cystitis
Sudden loss of kidney function;
may be reversible with
treatment
Kidneys slowly lose ability to
function; not reversible
Urinary bladder infection; more
common in females
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31-30
Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Disease/Disorder Description
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the glomeruli of
the kidney; one cause of
chronic renal failure
Incontinence
Inability to control urination
Polycystic kidney
disease
Enlargement of kidneys
because of the presence of
many cysts within them; slow,
progressive disease
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in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
31-31
Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Disease/Disorder Description
Pyelonephritis
Renal calculi
Complicated urinary tract
infection; begins with a bladder
infection and spreads to both
kidneys; can be acute or
chronic
Kidney stones; can become
lodged in ducts within kidneys
or ureters
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31-32
Apply Your Knowledge
Matching:
ANSWER:
G
O
B. Glomerulonephritis
O
C. Incontinence
D
D. Chronic renal failure
J
E. Renal calculi
O
F. Cystitis
B
G. Acute renal failure
H. Polycystic kidney disease !
A Complicated urinary tract infection A. Pyelonephritis
___
___
C Inability to control urination
E Kidney stones
___
D Slow loss of kidney function
___
___
F Bladder infection
B Inflammation of the glomeruli
___
H Kidney enlargement due to cysts
___
G Sudden loss of kidney function
___
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31-33
In Summary
31.1 The retroperitoneal kidneys are composed of
the outer renal cortex and inner renal
medulla.
Their function is to remove metabolic wastes
from the body.
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31-34
In Summary
31.2 A nephron is a single kidney cell.
It is composed of a renal corpuscle composed
of the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule
and the three sections of the renal tubule: the
proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle,
and the distal convoluted tubule.
The nephrons filter blood and form urine
through three processes: glomerular
filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular
secretion.
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31-35
In Summary (cont.)
31.3 The ureters are long tubes extending from
each renal pelvis that bring urine to the
bladder for storage.
The urethra is the muscular tube extending
from the bladder that allows urine to be
expelled from the body.
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31-36
In Summary (cont.)
31.4 There are many common diseases and
disorders of the urinary system with varied
signs, symptoms, and treatments.
Some of these include acute kidney (renal)
failure, chronic kidney (renal) failure, cystitis,
glomerulonephritis, incontinence, polycystic
kidney disease, pyelonephritis, and renal
calculi.
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31-37
End of Chapter 31
This too shall
pass—just like
a kidney stone.
~H. Madson
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution
in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.