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Wound Management of Cancer patient Mi-Jin Lee Samsung medical center Wound Management of Cancer patient 학습목표 1. 암 상처와 암과 관련된 상처에 대해 설명할 수 있다. 2. 암 상처의 특성에 대해 설명할 수 있다. 3. 암 상처의 관리 목표를 말할 수 있다. 4. 암 상처의 5가지 주요 측면을 설명할 수 있다. 5. 암 상처의 5가지 주요 측면에 대한 중재를 말할 수 있다. 6. chemotherapy와 관련된 피부문제와 적절한 중재를 말할 수 있다. 7. Radiation과 관련된 피부문제와 적절한 중재를 말할 수 있다. 8. GHVD와 관련된 피부문제와 적절한 중재를 말할 수 있다. Skin problem of Cancer patient 암 자체에 의한 문제 – Malignant wound - primary malignant disease, Cutaneous metastasis 암 치료와 관련된 문제 – Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biotherapy, Surgery • 기타 질병관련 문제 – 영양장애, 부종, 감염, 황달, 실금 등 Skin problem of Cancer patient 1. Malignant wounds 2. Chemotherapy와 관련된 피부문제 3. Radiation therapy와 관련된 피부문제 4. GVHD와 관련된 피부문제 Malignant wound 1.Definition ulcerating malignant skin lesion A cancerous lesion involving the skin which is open and may be draining (BCCA,1997) -primary cancer -metastasis to the skin from a local tumor -metastasis th the skin from distant site Malignant wound 2. Incidence 1) incidence is unknown 2) estimated 5% to 10% of patients with metastases will develop malignant wound 3) usually occur in the last six months of life more likely to occur in older patients. 3. Etiology 1) breast(most common), head & neck, melanoma, sarcoma, kidney ovary, lung, colon, penis, bladder, leukemia, lymphoma 2) usually occurs via the lymphatics, perineural space, blood stream or directly from primary lesion 3) metastatic wound usually have a poor out come. Malignant wound 4. Pathophysiology tumor의 local extension, epithelium이나 이를 지지하는 조직으로의 tumor embolization으로 발생 take the place of platelet produce a decrease in leukocyte in wound bed 혈관투과성 인자 분비 hyperpermeability 영양분, 산소공급 증가 unregulate growth, large fibrous exudate lack of the ability to contract growth factor 분비 병변 크기증가 맥관 구조 상실, 손상 vascular perfusion ischemia, necrosis 혈관파괴 조직허혈 암세포 혈관폐쇄 혈류차단 조직 생존력 상실 Malignant Wound Management 5. Assessment ASSESSMENT DESCRIPTION PARAMETER Appearance Necrosis, slough, bleeding, ulceration Odor Sweet, foul (offensive) Drainage/exudate Clear, thick, thin : low, moderate, copious amount Presence of infection Increased drainage : fever, leukocytosis Periwound skin Erythemia, maceration, edema, tenderness, maculopapular rash Size & shape of site Interference with dressing application Malignant Wound Management 5. Intervention 1) Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, surgery, cryotherapy, laser therapy 2) Epithelial cell의 증식이 어렵고, vascularity의 변화로 치료의 예후 는 좋지 않음. 3) Normal wound의 치유 및 관리 및 치유원칙을 바탕으로 care plan 을 세울 것. 4) 암 상처관리의 목표 - 삶의 부정적인 영향을 최소화 안위증진, 상처치유 환경조성 상처주변 피부의 통합성 유지 수분 및 전해질 불균형 예방 5) 암 환자의 상처관리의 주요 측면 – Necrosis, Odor, Exudate, Bleeding, Infection, Pain Malignant Wound Management Necrosis Fungating tumor 성장 >혈액공급속도 → 괴사조직 형성 →악취 →괴사조직 제거(Debridement) Debridement • Surgical excision/sharp debridement • Mechanical debridement • Enzymatic debridement Autolytic debridement Biological debridement Malignant Wound Management Debridement Malignant Wound Management Wound cleansing • Cleansing solution- saline 이용 • Dressing 교환시마다 20~50cc의 saline이 필요 larger, fungating wound - 250cc 이상 필요 ( bacterial load를 효과적으로 감소) • 방법 : saline-soaked gauze로 soaking wound에 solution을 poring spray bottle or piston syringe 이용 • Irrigation pressure – Moist wound cleansing : 5-8 psi – necrotic tissue, 다량의 exudates : 5-15 psi 그 이상의 압력은 심각한 조직손상을 유발 Malignant Wound Management Odor 삶의 질에 영향을 주는 심각한 문제 냄새의 원인- bacterial invasion, necrotic tissue Cleansing - bacteria와 exudate 제거 0.25% Dakin’s solution(괴사조직 용해) 4% chlorhexidine gluconate odorproof pouch 1% metronidazole solution 0.75% metronidazole gel deodorizing spray, chacoal dressing Malignant Wound Management Other strategies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Frequent dressing change Frequent bed linen changes Well-ventilated areas for dressing changes Frequent gentle cleansing of the wound with normal saline External room deodorizers Pouching of the wound with wound manager systems or ostomy/urostomy bags to contain the odor instead of dressings Malignant Wound Management Exudate 원인: VPF분비 hyperpermeability infection decrease the bacterial load antimicrobial foam, alginate, hydrofiber, absorptive powder, wound drainage pouchs periwound protection • suitable alcohol-free barriers • placing thin hydrocolloid strips around the wound Malignant Wound Management Bleeding 약해진 혈관, capillary oozing, platelet function 출혈 경향 Trauma 발생을 예방하는 것이 중요 • 드레싱 제거시 손상 예방 괴사조직제거는 자가 분해법 사용 외과적, 화학적 방법은 신중 • Avoid frequent, unnecessary dressing changes • 지혈제, 지혈 및 흡수효과가 있는 비접착성 드레싱 :hydrocolloid, powder, calcium alginate, hydrofiber • 지속적인 출혈발생시 방사선조사(2-4Gy/일) Malignant Wound Management • • • • • 질산은(AgNO3) cauterization Topical epinephrine 1:1000 Oral antifibrinolytics, tranexamic Surgical hemostatic sponges, surgicel Silver nitrate sticks and topical thrombin Other strategies • 혈액 흡수를 위해 짙은 수건 가지고 다니도록 설명 • 비접착성 보호 드레싱 이용, 헐거운 옷 입도록 • anxiety높을경우 sedative고려 Malignant Wound Management infection Wound의 bacterial infiltration이 흔함 원인균 – E coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa proteus, klebsiella Normal wound의 defensive phase의 염증반응과 구별 Sign of infection • Prolonged or unusual inflammation • Yellow fibin slough or necrotic tissue • Increase wound pain/tenderness • Heavy or malodorous exudate Malignant Wound Management Infection – 105이상의 bacteria가 존재 항생제처방, topical antibiotics가 효과적일 수 있음. Silver제품 aquacel Ag acticoat Wound drainage와 odor assess • yellow purulent drainage - staphylococcus organism • green drainage - pseudomonas involvement • fruity odor – staphylococcus • foul-smelling - gram-negative wound Malignant Wound Management Pain Three types of pain • noncyclic acute pain is pain that occurs in a single episode • occurring with each dressing change. • chronic wound pain Pharmacological strategies • nociceptive pain: opioids and nonopioids • neuropathic pain: Opioid and nonopioids anticonvulsants antidepressants • Topical analgesic : lidocaon spray • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory