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World War II
1939-45
Hitler’s Rise to Power
 Germany’s Economy:
 1919-1923: Hyperinflation
 1923-29: Dawes Plan and Stability
 1930s: Depression
 Hitler maneuvers into power, 1933
 Gains after the Depression
 Coalition
 Call for new elections
Nazis consolidate power
 Marshall Law
 Temporary dictatorial powers
 Night of the Long Knives
 Nazification
 One party
What is fascism?
 One party
 Anti-Democratic
 Anti-Communist
 Dictator: cult of personality
 Extreme nationalism, even racism
 Glorification of militarism, violence
 Anti-individualistic: country first
 Cooperation with corporations
Who are fascist leaders?
 Adolf Hitler
 Benito Mussolini
 Francisco Franco
 Hideki Tojo ?
The Road to War
 Japan:
 attacks on Shanghai: 1932,
 1937 bombing and invasion
 Italy’s Invasion of Ethiopia, 1935
 Spanish Civil War: 1936
 Fascist Francisco Franco aided by Hitler
and Mussolini
The Road to War: Germany
 Rearmament
 Remilitarization of
Rhineland
 Annexation of Austria,
March 1938
 Sudetenland
 Munich Conference:
Appeasement
 Annexation, Sept 1938
 Rest of Czechoslovakia
March 1939
The Road to War
 Germany:
 Non-aggression Pact with USSR Aug 1939
 Invasion of Poland, Sept 1939
 Declarations of war: France and Great
Britain
 1940: Tripartite Pact: G-I-J alliance
 P 919 in textbook is a good list
War
 Sitzkrieg, Winter, 1939-40
 Blitzkrieg: June, 1940
 Western Europe falls
 Bombing of Britain
 Germany invades Russia, June 1941
 1942: Germany has most of Europe
US Responses
 Isolationist
 Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937
 Cash and Carry
 Lend-Lease
 draft and military preparations
 Trade embargo of Japan: July, 1941
 Pearl Harbor: US joins
War in Europe
 Bombing campaigns into Germany
 Stalingrad: Germans retreat Feb, 1943
 Africa: Germany collapses May, 1943
 Sicily: July 1943
 Italian Front bogs down
War in Europe
 D-Day: June 6, 1944
 Battle of the Bulge, winter 1944-45
 Berlin falls
 V-E Day, May 8, 1945
Yalta, Feb 1945
Potsdam, July 1945
Holocaust main points
 Gradual Nature of Anti-Semitism in
Germany
 Victims: Jews and non-Jews
 What was known in US and
should/could the US have done more?
Holocaust
 Steps of Anti-Semitism:
 Restrictive Laws throughout 1930s
 Kristallnacht, Night of the Broken Glass
(Crystal Night) 1938
 “Final Solution” Jan 1942
 Why didn’t Jews leave Germany or
Europe?
Holocaust
 Jews rounded up in E Eur Fall, 1941
 Camps increase during war
 http://history1900s.about.com/library/h
olocaust/nmap2.htm
Holocaust Victims
 Jews: 5-6 million
 political opponents
 Gypsies 500,000
 criminals
 homosexuals
 religious dissenters
 9 million (or more) total
What did the US know?
 Public knowledge by Nov 1942
 Not a major story
 Requests to bomb death camps denied
 Concentrated on war effort
 War Refugee Board set up 1944
 Still significant anti-Semitism in US
 1939 ship of refugees not allowed into US
War in Asia
 1940 Invasion of French Indochina
 July 1941 (after France falls) US puts an
trade and oil embargo on Japan
 Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
 Japan expands
 Japan’s advance stopped: Midway: June
1942
 Island Hopping Strategy
 What was the fighting like?
War in Asia
 Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima: Aug 6,
1945 and Nagasaki: Aug 9, 1945
 Results of bombs:
 140,000 killed in Hiroshima
 70,000 killed in Nagasaki
 Surrender: Aug 15: V-J Day
 Was dropping the bombs the best way
to win the war?
White Light, Black Rain
 Documentary Film
http://www.spike.com/video/white-lightblack/2877662
 Is the human cost worth it?
 Description of bomb’s impact on
people: short and long term
http://artsci.wustl.edu/~copeland/atomicbomb.html
 Will we use nuclear weapons again?
Atomic Bomb arguments
Averted a costly invasion of Japan
Ended the war quickly
Fed revenge feelings
Beginning of the Cold War: was it a message to
USSR?
 Alternatives?
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Warning
Demonstration
Negotiate: Offer a conditional surrender (emperor)
Let the USSR’s entry tip the scales
Keep up the blockade and bombs and J would surrender
War Casualties
 60 million deaths
 US deaths 405,399
Wounded 671,801
Japan: 1.2 million combatants
Germany: 4 million
Economic Results
 Economic Boom:
 Allies’ purchases
 Gov’t war contracts
 Full employment
Employment Changes
 50% rise in women
in workforce 193945
 Traditional jobs:
clerical, nurses
 Industry: Women:
PR “Rosie the
Riveter”
 Wages lower
 Expectations:
temporary
Employment
 Job opportunities for blacks, minorities,
women: but limits
Military Service
 15 million serve
 women’s branches and jobs
 Segregation for Af Ams
 Navajo code talkers
 Japanese 442nd from camps and
Hawaii
 Results: rising expectations and postwar activism -- but delayed
Japanese Internment Main
Points
 Who was interned?
 120,000
 2/3 American citizens
 1/3 immigrants from Japan
 West Coast mainly
 Not Hawaii
Conditions in camps
 Quickly built, minimalistic
 Little privacy
 Puyallup fairgrounds were holding
grounds
 Schools
 Armed guards, fences
 Some off site work toward the end of
the war
P 916 in textbook
 Document 1: What reasons does
General DeWitt provide in asking the
president to issue an executive order
for relocation? Do they seem valid?
 Document 3: How would you
characterize Charles Kikuchi’s views and
feelings about the impact of Pearl
Harbor, Internment and Democracy?
 Could internment happen today?
Why did the allies win? P 936
 What points does the book make?