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1660-1715 CHAPTER 4 African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation CREATED EQUAL JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers “to live in ease and plenty by the toil of those whom violence and cruelty have put in our power” was clearly not “consistent with Christianity or common justice.” John Woolman, Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes, 1754 ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE 1619 1625 1640 1652 1662 1664 1665 1672 1676 1691 Dutch warship brings 20 African men and women to Virginia Brazil major importer of slaves Virginia’s General Court sentences John Punch to servitude for the rest of his life Rhode Island passes law limiting all involuntary service to no more than 10 years Virginia law makes slavery hereditary Maryland law regarding religion and slaves, making slavery race-based. The Great Plague in Europe The Royal African Company chartered Bacon’s Rebellion Virginia law outlawing interracial marriages ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE 1712 1713 1723 1731 1733 1739 1741 1750 1754 New York City Revolt England contracts to deliver Africans to Spanish colonies Virginia statues prevent free people of color from voting, unfair taxes, and outlaws their holding firearms New Orleans slave plots Savannah, Georgia established by Oglethorpe Stono Rebellion New York Slave Plot Blacks make up 60% of South Carolina’s population Georgia permits slavery Georgia becomes a royal colony ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE TERRIBLE TRANSFORMATION Overview The Descent into Race Slavery The Growth of Slave Labor Camps England Enters the Atlantic Slave Trade Survival in a Strange New Land The Transformation Completed ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE DESCENT INTO RACE SLAVERY The Caribbean Precedent Ominous Beginnings Alternative Sources of Labor The Fateful Transition ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Caribbean Precedent Native population declined through epidemics and slave trade expanded Gold in Mexico and Peru Asiento (contract allowed slave imports to Spanish colonies) Portuguese purchased Africans for sugar plantations in Brazil Christian dilemma of slave trade resolved by considering Africans infidels ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Ominous Beginnings 1619: Dutch brought 20 African men and women to Virginia. 1640: African sentenced to unending servitude “for the time of his natural life” and a law passes prohibiting blacks from bearing arms. ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Alternative Sources of Labor Captured Native Americans Impoverished Europeans Succumb to epidemics Integral player in deerskin trade Wilderness diplomacy undermined Conflicts on the frontier Kidnapping outlawed Indentured servants and “freedom dues” “Feedback loop” enabling prospective immigrants to know of mistreatments ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Fateful Transition 1662: Virginia accorded slave status based on whether the mother is free or enslaved (slavery inherited). 1664: Maryland law changed consideration of slavery from religious status to skin color. ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE GROWTH OF SLAVE LABOR CAMPS Black involvement in Bacon’s Rebellion The Rise of a Slaveholding Tidewater Elite Closing the Vicious Circle in the Chesapeake ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Black Involvement in Bacon’s Rebellion Chesapeake region in 1676 Freed, indentured servants in search of land backed Bacon’s Rebellion Slaves also recruited with the promise of liberty from Bacon ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Rise of a Slaveholding Tidewater Elite Divide and Conquer Improve the poor whites’ conditions and reduce the legal status of Africans Longer lives make freed indentured servants competitors to plantation owners; slaves work lasted a lifetime Plantation owners reap large profits ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Closing the Vicious Circle in the Chesapeake Expanded slave-trading made slaves available and affordable Land bonus to anyone who purchased an African arrival 1691: Virginia banned interracial marriage 1705: Virginia’s Negro Act ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers ENGLAND ENTERS THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE Trade Ties Between Europe and Africa The Slave Trade on the African Coast The Middle Passage Experience Saltwater Slaves Arrive in America ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Regions of the African Slave Trade in 1700 ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Trade Ties Between Europe and Africa Portuguese trading posts on African’s west coast Africans traded in gold and ivory for European textiles and alcohol Africans also traveled to Europe to gain knowledge of European languages, ideas, and religion. Aniaga of Guinea ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Slave Trade on the African Coast Sugar production in America spurred more slave trading on the African coast. Local servants bartered and/or war captives traded. By 1670s, 15,000 people traded into slavery per year. Congo-Angola supplied 4.5 million Africans to slave trade during the entire life of slave trading. ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Middle Passage Experience The 5 stages Capture and deportation Sale and imprisonment The Middle Passage: crossing the Atlantic The selling process Time of seasoning ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Saltwater Slaves Arrive in America “Saltwater slaves” Newly arrived slaves from Africa, as opposed to “country-born slaves” Time of seasoning Time to heal from voyage, begin learning a new language Adapt to strange foods, environment, and to their forced bondage ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers SURVIVAL IN A STRANGE NEW LAND African Rice Growers in South Carolina Patterns of Resistance A Wave of Rebellion ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Enslaved People Living in North America in 1750: Distribution by Colony, Percentage of Total Population ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers African Rice Growers in South Carolina South Carolina: the highest proportion of slaves. A black majority and a white minority. Sullivan’s Island’s quarantine reduced epidemics. South Carolina closer to Africa and Caribbean Subtropical climate favorable to African crop of rice. First used by slaves for their own food, it enriched the plantation owners as export to England (for rice pudding) and European countries as cheap grain for soldiers, orphans, and peasants. ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Patterns of Resistance Running away, burning the harvest, killing masters and overseers New York Slave Revolt of 1712 ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers A Wave of Rebellion 1731: New Orleans slave plots 1739: Stono River uprising near Charleston 1740: Charleston slave plot and great fire 1741: New York City slave plot ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE TRANSFORMATION COMPLETED Uncertain Voices of Dissent Is This Consistent “with Christianity or Common Justice”? Oglethorpe’s Antislavery Experiment The End of Equality in Georgia ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Uncertain Voices of Dissent Restriction of manumissions (grants of individual freedom by masters) in Virginia 1723: additional statutes prevented free people of color from voting, taxed them unfairly, and prevent them from owning or carrying firearms The North became economically and legally committed to slavery making it difficult for blacks to gain their freedom. 1700: Judge Samuel Sewell, The Selling of Joseph 1706: Cotton Mather, The Negro Christianized ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Is This Consistent “with Christianity or Common Justice”? Thomas Bray 1701: established the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) Christian Priber 1735: attempted to establish a multiracial “Paradise” in southern Appalachia 1743: arrested and brought to jail, but died before trial John Woolman Quaker who questioned fellow Quakers on their purchasing of slaves 1754: Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Oglethorpe’s Antislavery Experiment 1733: Governor James Oglethorpe and 114 settlers established Savannah in Georgia. 1735: Law enacted that prohibited slavery and excluded free blacks from the colony. Oglethorpe impressed with the fighting he encountered from ex-slaves proclaims: embittered slaves “ would be either Recruits to an Enemy or Plunder for them.” 1785: Oglethorpe dies opposing the slave trade. ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The End of Equality in Georgia 1742: Spain invaded Georgia Battle of Bloody Marsh on St. Simon’s Island Malcontents in Savannah and merchants pushed for the legalization of slavery to overcome Georgia’s hardships (climate, poor soil, restrictive land policies, lack of representative government) 1750: Trustees allowed acreage to be bought and sold freely January, 1, 1751: slavery permitted in Georgia 1754: Georgia became a royal colony ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers English-Spanish Competition and the Expansion of Slavery into Georgia ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
