Download Industrial Revolution

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The Modern System
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The Emergence of the World System
Industrialization
Stratification
The World System Today
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The Emergence of the World System
• Modern world system – global system
in which nations are economically and
politically interdependent
– World system shaped by world
capitalist economy
– 3 political and economic specialization
positions
• Core
• Semiperiphery
• Periphery
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Wallerstein’s World System Theory
• Capitalist world economy – single
world system committed to production
for sale or exchange, with the object of
maximizing profits rather than supplying
domestic needs
– Capital – wealth or resources invested in
business, with the intent of producing a
profit
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Immanuel Wallerstein
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Wallerstein’s World System Theory
• Core nations – strongest and most
powerful nations
– Technologically advanced, capitalintensive products produced and exported
to the semiperiphery and the periphery
• Semiperiphery nations – industrialized
Third World nations
– Lack power and economic dominance of
core nations
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Wallerstein’s World System Theory
• Periphery nations – nations whose
economic activities are less mechanized
– Primarily concerned with exporting raw
materials and agricultural goods to core
and semiperiphery nations
– Telecommunications allows well-educated
workers in such low-wage countries as
India to compete with skilled U.S. workers
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Core, Semiperiphery, Periphery
Copyright © 2008
Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
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Industrialization
• Industrial Revolution – historic
transformation (in Europe, after 1750) of
“traditional” into “modern” societies through
industrialization of the economy
– European industrialization developed from
domestic system of manufacture
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Domestic Manufacture
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution
• Began in cotton production, iron, and
potter trades
– Widely used goods whose manufacture
could be broken down into simple routines
that machines could perform
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Sugarcane Plantation
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Cotton Plantation
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Cotton Plantation
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Industrial Stratification
• Initially industrialization in England
raised the overall standard of living
• Factory owners soon began to recruit
cheap labor from among the poorest
populations.
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Location of England (United Kingdom)
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Industrial Stratification
• Marx saw trend as expression of
fundamental capitalist opposition:
bourgeoisie (capitalists) versus
proletariat (propertyless workers)
– Bourgeoisie – owned means of production
– Working class (proletariat) – had to sell
labor to survive
– Proletarianization – separation of workers
form the means of production
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Children in Industrial Revolution
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Children in Industrial Revolution
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Cheapest Labour
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Industrial Stratification
• Marx
– Class consciousness – recognition of
collective interests and personal
identification with one’s economic group
– Viewed classes a powerful collective forces
that could mobilize human energies to
influence history
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Class Consciousness
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Industrial Stratification
• Weber argued that Marx’s model was
oversimplified
– Developed model with three main factors
contributing to socioeconomic stratification:
• Wealth (economic status)
• Power (political status)
• Prestige (social status)
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Stratification
• With modification, combination of
Marxian and Weberian models can
describe modern capitalist world
• Growing middle class and existence of
peripheries within core nations
complicate issue beyond the vision of
Marx or Weber
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China Core & Periphery
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Asian Factory Women
• Nike relied heavily on Asian labor in
Vietnam, Indonesia, China, Thailand,
and Pakistan for shoe labor
– Most factory workers women between 15
and 18 years old
– Female workers had to wear uniforms
– Harsh physical conditions
– Vietnamese workers adopted union
tactics, including strikes, work stoppages,
and slowdowns
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Location of Malaysia and Vietnam
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Maquiladoras
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Young Maquila Workers
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The World System Today
• World system theory stresses existence of
a global culture
– Historic contacts
– Linkages
– Power differentials
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The World System Today
• After 1879, European business a
concerted search for markets
– Imperialism – policy of extending rule of a
nation or empire over foreign nations and
of taking and holding foreign colonies
– Colonialism – political, social, economic,
and cultural domination of territory and its
people by foreign power for extended
period of time
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The World System Today
• The spread of industrialization and
overconsumption takes place from core to
periphery
• Mass production gave rise to a culture of
overconsumption
– Acquisitiveness
– Conspicuous consumption
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Industrial Degradation
• Industrial Revolution greatly accelerated
encompassment of world by states, all but
eliminating previous cultural adaptations
– Expansion of world system often
accompanied by genocide, ethnocide, and
ecocide
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The World System in 2000
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Energy Consumption in
Selected Countries, 2002
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