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1 The Modern System • • • • The Emergence of the World System Industrialization Stratification The World System Today ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 The Emergence of the World System • Modern world system – global system in which nations are economically and politically interdependent – World system shaped by world capitalist economy – 3 political and economic specialization positions • Core • Semiperiphery • Periphery ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 Wallerstein’s World System Theory • Capitalist world economy – single world system committed to production for sale or exchange, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs – Capital – wealth or resources invested in business, with the intent of producing a profit ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 Immanuel Wallerstein ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 Wallerstein’s World System Theory • Core nations – strongest and most powerful nations – Technologically advanced, capitalintensive products produced and exported to the semiperiphery and the periphery • Semiperiphery nations – industrialized Third World nations – Lack power and economic dominance of core nations ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 Wallerstein’s World System Theory • Periphery nations – nations whose economic activities are less mechanized – Primarily concerned with exporting raw materials and agricultural goods to core and semiperiphery nations – Telecommunications allows well-educated workers in such low-wage countries as India to compete with skilled U.S. workers ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 Core, Semiperiphery, Periphery Copyright © 2008 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 Industrialization • Industrial Revolution – historic transformation (in Europe, after 1750) of “traditional” into “modern” societies through industrialization of the economy – European industrialization developed from domestic system of manufacture ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 Domestic Manufacture ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 Causes of the Industrial Revolution • Began in cotton production, iron, and potter trades – Widely used goods whose manufacture could be broken down into simple routines that machines could perform ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 Sugarcane Plantation ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 Cotton Plantation ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13 Cotton Plantation ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14 Industrial Stratification • Initially industrialization in England raised the overall standard of living • Factory owners soon began to recruit cheap labor from among the poorest populations. ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 15 Location of England (United Kingdom) ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16 Industrial Stratification • Marx saw trend as expression of fundamental capitalist opposition: bourgeoisie (capitalists) versus proletariat (propertyless workers) – Bourgeoisie – owned means of production – Working class (proletariat) – had to sell labor to survive – Proletarianization – separation of workers form the means of production ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17 Children in Industrial Revolution ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18 Children in Industrial Revolution ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19 Cheapest Labour ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20 Industrial Stratification • Marx – Class consciousness – recognition of collective interests and personal identification with one’s economic group – Viewed classes a powerful collective forces that could mobilize human energies to influence history ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21 Class Consciousness ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22 Industrial Stratification • Weber argued that Marx’s model was oversimplified – Developed model with three main factors contributing to socioeconomic stratification: • Wealth (economic status) • Power (political status) • Prestige (social status) ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 23 Stratification • With modification, combination of Marxian and Weberian models can describe modern capitalist world • Growing middle class and existence of peripheries within core nations complicate issue beyond the vision of Marx or Weber ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 24 China Core & Periphery ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 25 Asian Factory Women • Nike relied heavily on Asian labor in Vietnam, Indonesia, China, Thailand, and Pakistan for shoe labor – Most factory workers women between 15 and 18 years old – Female workers had to wear uniforms – Harsh physical conditions – Vietnamese workers adopted union tactics, including strikes, work stoppages, and slowdowns ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 26 Location of Malaysia and Vietnam ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 27 Maquiladoras ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 28 Young Maquila Workers ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 29 The World System Today • World system theory stresses existence of a global culture – Historic contacts – Linkages – Power differentials ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 30 The World System Today • After 1879, European business a concerted search for markets – Imperialism – policy of extending rule of a nation or empire over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies – Colonialism – political, social, economic, and cultural domination of territory and its people by foreign power for extended period of time ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 31 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 32 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 33 The World System Today • The spread of industrialization and overconsumption takes place from core to periphery • Mass production gave rise to a culture of overconsumption – Acquisitiveness – Conspicuous consumption ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 34 Industrial Degradation • Industrial Revolution greatly accelerated encompassment of world by states, all but eliminating previous cultural adaptations – Expansion of world system often accompanied by genocide, ethnocide, and ecocide ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 35 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 36 The World System in 2000 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 37 Energy Consumption in Selected Countries, 2002 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.