Download Chapter 7 Managing Change: Sport Culture, Innovation, and Diversity

Chapter 7
Managing Change
Sport Culture, Innovation, and Diversity
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-1
Life is Always Changing
Change is a fact of business life today.
Overcoming resistance to change will test and
challenge and hone your people skills.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-2
Yogiism
Yogi Berra once said, “The future ain’t what it
used to be.”
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-3
Managerial Changes
How did Joe Torre change when he became the
manager of the New York Yankees?
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-4
AD’s and Change
Have you ever thought about the changes that athletic
directors encounter every year and the impact that they can
have?
An AD may face new budget restrictions, a new principal or
superintendent, new athletes, new coaches, greater
expectations from parents, or new technologies such as
email and Internet.
All of these things spell change and the possibility of having
to adjust and react differently.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-5
Dealing with Change
Dr. David Hoch, Director of Athletics at Eastern
Tech High School in Baltimore County, Maryland,
suggests that athletic directors’ problems created
by change should be dealt with before the
change occurs.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-6
Economic Forces
Baseball has become a sport where big-market
teams like the New York Yankees and Boston
Red Sox can generate more revenue and thus
afford to spend more money to acquire star
players.
And more star players means more fan and
media interest, which means even more money.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-7
Social Forces
Baseball has fallen behind football as America’s
favorite sport.
Baseball fans have become leery of the game
after the recent strikes, which were caused by
anger and mistrust between players and owners.
Meanwhile, fans love the physical contact and
fast action found in football.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-8
Demographic Forces
The Yankees operate in the racially mixed New
York area.
The team appears to have been built to resemble
this racial mixture.
Star center fielder Bernie Williams is from San
Juan, Puerto Rico. Star relief pitcher Mariano
Rivera is from Panama City, Panama. Pitcher
Orlando Hernandez is from Havana, Cuba.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-9
Technological Forces
The Yankees make more money from the media
than any other team.
The Yankees own YES, their own cable network.
Some fans in the New York area do not receive
Yankee games because their cable provider
doesn’t carry the YES network. These fans have
become irate at the team for not allowing them
television access to all the games.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-10
The Four Variables of Change
Strategy
Structure
Technology
People
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-11
Strategy
Since merging with Trotter, Cybex has been able
to develop and offer the most advanced and
complete line of equipment in its market.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-12
Technology
Olympic athletes, for example, look to their
equipment suppliers to provide cutting-edge
shoes, bats, skis, and bicycles, and to their
trainers and therapists to provide cutting-edge
technique and instant recovery from injuries that
once sidelined players for a season, and now set
them back mere days.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-13
Stages in the Change Process
Denial
Resistance
Exploration
Commitment
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-14
Why People Resist Change
Uncertainty creates fear.
Inconvenience is off-putting.
Their self-interest is threatened.
We all fear loss.
Lack of control is often an issue.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-15
How to Overcome Resistance
Create a trust climate.
Develop a change plan.
State why change is needed and how it affects them.
Create a win-win situation.
Involve people and provide support.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-16
Components of Resistance
Intensity
Source
Focus
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-17
Organizational Culture
Organizational culture is the set of values, beliefs, and
standards for acceptable behavior that its members
share.
Understanding an organization’s culture helps you
understand how it functions and how you should do
things “to fit in.”
Think of “good guy” teams like the Seattle Mariners and
“bad guy” teams like the Oakland Raiders.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-18
Sport Team Culture
“Sport team culture originated from the establishment
and development of sports team. The sport team culture
with which all members voluntarily comply is the total of
common faith, morality, spirit, ceremony, intelligence
factor, and entertainment life. The function of the sport
team culture is found in instructing people, construction
of team standards, recovery, spiritual adjustment, and
meeting psychological and social demand.”
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-19
Components of Culture
Behavior - The late Tom Yawkey of the Boston Red Sox,
the late George Halas of the Chicago Bears, and Al
Davis of the Oakland Raiders were legends in their own
time, and are legends still to fellow players, colleagues,
and fans alike who relish the tales and anecdotes
surrounding these enduring personalities.
Values and Beliefs
Assumptions
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-20
Values and Beliefs
Tom Yawkey and his family walked their talk. They
believed in giving to charity, and they made sure their
team gave both money and personal time to the Dana
Farber Institute.
Before the 2002 baseball season, the Yawkey family
sold the Red Sox to John Henry. This new management
is carrying forward the Red Sox tradition by helping the
Joey Fund.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-21
Product Innovation
Safety has been a major concern for NASCAR,
accelerated by the death of Dale Earnhardt on
the last lap of the 2001 Daytona 500.
A new product innovation, shock-absorbing “soft
walls,” are being used to protect drivers.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-22
Quality
Outdoor sports and mail-order catalog firm L.L.
Bean established a total quality and human
resources (TQHR) department to lead the
company's efforts to improve quality, efficiency,
and customer service.
The TQHR has saved the company millions of
dollars annually from process improvements.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-23
Core Values of TQM
Involve a companywide focus on (1) delivering
customer value and (2) continuously improving the
system and its processes.
In TQM organizations, people are the most
important resource. Therefore, TQM organizations
go to great lengths to make sure their workforce
gets the best training available, and they stress
teamwork.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-24
The Learning Organization
Event staff at a football game had to learn when to
stop serving beer at half-time to control fan
rowdiness.
However, they had to learn twice. The real drinking
started outside the stadium, and event staff had to
learn to deny access to inebriated fans.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-25
Diversity
Championship Auto Racing Teams Inc. (CART), as
one example, has implemented strong initiatives to
promote diversity.
CART seeks to bring members of the minority
community and women into CART racing as drivers,
engineers, mechanics, and administrative
personnel.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-26
Title IX
In 1972, a law with wide ramifications for the sport
industry, Title IX of the Amendments to the Higher
Education Act, was passed.
Title IX requires equal access to education,
including athletics, for women.
Since that time the number of women playing on
college teams has increased from 32,000 to about
163,000.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-27
Problems with Title IX
Complying with Title IX has led to the reduction of
some men’s programs to augment financial support
for new women’s teams.
Between 1981 and 1999, more than 400 collegiate
men’s teams were dropped. 171 wrestling programs
and 84 men’s tennis teams were dropped.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-28
Women Coaches
Women by and large have been limited to
coaching other women, whereas men commonly
coach both men and women.
Men coach women’s NCAA basketball and the
WNBA, but women do not tend to coach men’s
NCAA basketball or the NBA.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-29
Organizational Development
Organizational development (OD) is the ongoing
planned change process that organizations use
to improve performance.
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-30
OD Techniques
Lewin’s change model
Forcefield analysis
survey feedback
Grid OD
Sensitivity training
Team building
Process consultation
Job Design and Direct Feedback
Lussier/Kimball, Sport Management, First Edition
Copyright © 2004, by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning
PPT7-31