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Cerebrum Parietal Frontal Occipita l Temporal November 6, 2013 Chapter 13: 496 - 505 Dr. Diane M. Jaworski 1 The Cerebrum • Is the largest part of the brain • Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions • Processes somatic and visceral sensory and motor information 2 Functional Principles of the Cerebrum • Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body • Although similar in structure, the 2 hemispheres have different functions (e.g., language on left, face recognition on right) • Specific regions of the cerebral cortex have specific functions, but there is overlap in function • Primary motor and sensory areas are organized into topographic maps representing specific body regions 3 Hemispheric Lateralization • “brain sided-ness” does not always correspond to “handed-ness” • Right side - “Creative”: - Musical and artistic awareness - Spatial and pattern perception - Face recognition - Emotional part of speech • Left side - “Analytical”: - Spoken and written language - Numerical and scientific skills - Reasoning 4 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 The Corpus Callosum is made of the axons (white matter) of cortical neurons communicating between the left and right cerebral hemispheres 5 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 Everyone has the same pattern of gyri and sulci on their cerebral cortex Different gyri deal with different types of information Sulcus shallow depression (plural: sulci) Gyrus elevated ridge (plural: gyri) 6 7 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 Different areas of the cortex perform different functions “Primary” areas : neurons receive sensory information or directly send out motor instructions “Association” areas : neurons make sense of sensory information or plan motor activities (muscle movements) 8 9 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 10 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 Frontal Lobe: Motor and Limbic Functions Premotor Cortex Primary Motor Cortex Prefrontal Cortex Broca’s Area Motor speech Central sulcus Separates frontal and parietal lobes 11 Frontal Lobe: Primary Motor Cortex Central sulcus 12 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 Frontal Lobe: Primary Motor Cortex • Primary Motor Cortex = Precental gyrus - Directs voluntary muscle movement - Contains a map of all skeletal muscles - Pyramidal neurons in this gyrus project via the internal capsule to synapse in the brainstem or spinal cord; they talk to the neurons that contact the muscles 13 (they do NOT directly synapse on the muscles!!) The internal capsule contains Pyramidal neuron axons leaving the cortex (motor info) AND the axons of neurons bringing sensory info into the cortex Internal Capsule © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 14 Neurons in the primary motor cortex are arranged according to the muscles they control 15 Frontal Lobe: Premotor Cortex 16 Frontal Lobe: Premotor Cortex * learned motor activities planning of motor activities • Directs neurons in the primary motor cortex; therefore, less discrete topographic map • Contains two specialized regions: - Frontal eye fields - Broca’s speech area 17 Frontal Lobe: Frontal Eye Fields The purpose of this region is to keep the eyes directed forward. The right frontal eye field forces both eyes to the left while the left frontal eye field forces both eyes to the right. In a unilateral lesion, both eyes will deviate TOWARDS the side of the lesion. 18 Frontal Lobe: Broca’s Speech Area Broca's Aphasia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2IiMEbMnPM&feature=related • Primarily located in left hemisphere - produces speech • Expressive (motor, non-fluent) aphasia - anomia (inability to name objects) • Patient aware of deficit 19 Frontal Lobe: Prefrontal Cortex 20 Frontal Lobe: Prefrontal Cortex • Largest part of the frontal lobe • Many connections to other areas • Vague limbic functions (e.g., personality) 21 22 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 Parietal Lobe: Somatosensation (the sense of touch, awareness of body) Primary Somatosensory Cortex Somatosensory Association Cortex 23 Parietal Lobe: Primary Somatosensory Cortex Central sulcus 24 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 Parietal Lobe: Primary Somatosensory Cortex • Primary Somatosensory Cortex = Postcental gyrus • Receives somatic sensory information from skin receptors, joints and muscles: – Touch, pressure, vibration – Pain and temperature – Taste 25 Neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex are arranged according to the body region they receive information from 26 The maps in the primary motor and somatosensory cortices are the same, just the amount of cortex devoted differs! 27 Parietal Lobe: Somatosensory Association Cortex 28 Parietal Lobe : Somatosensory Association Cortex • Interpretation of sensations – Shape and texture of object – Orientation of object (where an object is in space) – Relationship of body parts stroke to right parietal association cortex results in a fascinating syndrome in which the patient disregards the left side of their body = syndrome of hemineglect 29 Syndrome of Hemineglect 30 31 32 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 Temporal Lobe: Hearing, Limbic Function, Visual Association Primary Auditory Cortex Wernicke’s Speech Lateral fissure 33 Area Separates frontal, parietal & temporal lobes Temporal Lobe 34 Temporal Lobe: Primary Auditory Cortex • Primary Auditory Cortex – Receives sound information, sorts by frequency (tonotopic map) – Pitch, rhythm © Bear et al. Neuroscience 1996 35 Temporal Lobe: Wernicke’s Speech Area Wernicke’s Area • Primarily located in left hemisphere • Speech comprehension • Receptive (sensory, fluent) aphasia - language comprehension affected - nonsensical speech, but patient unaware of deficit - anomia, impaired repetition, non-fluent reading - apraxia (inability to execute motor activity based on verbal command) 36 Temporal Lobe: Auditory Association Cortex Wernicke’s Speech Area Wernicke's Aphasia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVhYN7NTIKU 37 Temporal Lobe: Limbic System (will be discussed later in the course) 38 39 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 Occipital Lobe: Vision Visual Association Cortex Primary Visual Cortex 40 Occipital Lobe: Primary Visual Cortex 41 42 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 43 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013 44 © McKinley et al. A & P 2013