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Interim 2 review Meiosis- forming sex cells • Process in which haploid cells (gametes) are formed from diploid cells • In humans: (F) Parent 46 46 (M)Parent Diploid (2N) Diploid (2N) Chromosome number cut in half Ovum 23 Haploid (N) 23 Sperm Haploid (N) Fertilization Zygote 46 Diploid (2N) Mitosis vs Meiosis Characteristic Mitosis Cells produced Body cells (somatic cells) Chromosome Same as number parent cell Diploid 2N Number of 1 divisions Number of 2 cells produced Meiosis Sex cells (gametes) Half number of parent cell Haploid N 2 4 Meiosis Meiosis I Meiosis II Meiosis • During meiosis I, the ______________________ chromosomes homologous separate. – What does this do to the chromosome number? Cut in ½ • During meiosis II, the sister chromatids ____________________ separate. Meiosis I Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase & Telophase II Meiosis in Males and Females • Males- results in 4 sperm cells • Females- results in one ovum (egg) and 3 polar bodies MALES FEMALES 1st cell division 2nd cell division 4 Sperm cells 3 polar bodies 1 ovum • If three cells undergo meiosis in males, how many sperm cells will be produced? _____________ 12 • If four cells undergo meiosis in females, how many ova (eggs) will be produced? 4 _____________ • How many polar bodies would be produced 12 for the same 4 cells? __________________ • If the 2N number of an organism is 32; • how many chromosomes are found in 16 a sperm cell? _______ • how many chromosomes are found in 32 a diploid cell? _______ • how many chromosomes are found in an ovum? _______ 16 • how many chromosomes are found in 16 a haploid cell? _______ • how many chromosomes are found in 32 a skin cell?________ . • Sexual reproduction is important to the survival of the species because it adds genetic variation _________________________ to the population. Genetic variation • Crossing Over- exchange of genetic information by non- sister chromatids during meiosis. Mistakes in the Meiosis Nondisjunction- failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis. Ex: Down Syndrome. Extra 21st chromosome Genetics Vocabulary • ________________the passing of traits from heredity parents to offspring genetics • ________________the study of heredity chromosomes • _________________rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that transmits genetic information genes • _________________units of hereditary information found on the chromosomes Genetics Vocabulary • __________________a gene that masks the dominant expression of another gene in a pair ( Symbolcapital letter) recessive • __________________a gene in a pair that is hidden by the dominant gene (Symbol- lower case letter) homozygous • ___________________two genes in a pair that are identical. (RR or rr) heterozygous • _____________________individual with one dominant and one recessive gene in a pair. (Rr) Genetics Vocabulary • ______________________either member of allele a pair of genes that determines a single trait. genotype • ____________________the pair of alleles represented by the capital and lower case letters. phenotype • ______________________the trait that is actually expressed in an organism • Immunity to poison ivy is a dominant trait while those people who get poison ivy show the recessive trait. Diagram a Punnett Square for a man who is heterozygous and a woman who get poison ivy. i i I i Ii ii Ii ii 1. What is the man’s Ii genotype? ___________ 2. What is the woman’s ii genotype? ____________ 3. What is the probability of producing a child who gets poison ivy? __________ 50% 4. What is the genotypic 1:1 ratio?___________ • Feather color in birds is an incomplete dominant trait. Genes for blue feathers and genes for white feathers combine to form birds with silver feathers. Diagram a cross for two silver feathered birds. B W B BB BW W BW WW 1. What is the parent’s BW genotype? ___________ 2. What is the phenotypic 1:2:1 ratio? ____________ 3. What is the probability of producing bird with blue 25% feathers? __________ 4. What is the probability of producing a bird with silver feathers?___________ 50% • Blood type is a codominant trait. A man with blood type AO marries a female with blood 1. What are the genotypes type AB. A B A O AA AO AB BO in the offspring? ___________________ AA, AO, AB, BO 2. What is the genotypic 1:1:1:1 ratio? ____________ 3. What is the phenotypic 2:1:1 ratio? __________ 4. What is the probability of producing a child with 50% blood type A? _______ 5. What is the probability of producing a child with blood type O? ______ 0 • Eye color in canaries is a sex-linked trait. Black eyes are dominant and red eyes are recessive. A red-eyed female is crossed with a black-eyed 1. What is the male’s male. Xb Xb XB XBXb XBXb bY X Y XbY XBY genotype? __________ 2. What is the female’s b Xb X genotype? _________ What is the probability of producing a 3. black-eyed female? _______ 50% 4. black –eyed male? _______ 0 5. red-eyed female? ________ 0 50% 6. red-eyed male? __________ • Label the three parts of the nucleotide below. phosphate A.______________ sugar B.______________ base C.______________ In DNA, how do the bases bond? _____________ bonds with ____________ Adenine Thymine and _____________ bonds with ____________ Cytosine Guanine What is the name of the process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself? __________________________ Replication Put the steps of DNA replication below in order. • 1. Free floating nucleotides attach to complementary bases on both sides • 2. Sugars and phosphates join together on the new strands • 3. DNA molecule unzips • 4. Two DNA molecules are produced each made of one new strand and one template ________→ ________→ ________→ ________ 3 1 2 4 Comparison of DNA and RNA Strands Sugar DNA RNA 2 1 deoxyribose ribose Base A with T A with U Pairs C with G C with G Location nucleus Nucleus to cytoplasm • Protein Synthesis is divided into two processes. Transcription • Process 1- _____________________________mRNA is made by copying the code from a DNA molecule. This process occurs in the nucleus __________. Translation • Process 2-_____________________________a protein is assembled from amino acids. cytoplasm • This process occurs in the _______________ at a _____________________. ribosome • Genetic information usually follows in one specific direction (Central dogma of biology). Which of the following BEST represents this flow? • A.) DNA-->Protein-->RNA • B.) Protein-->RNA-->DNA • C.) RNA-->Protein-->DNA • D.) DNA-->RNA-->Protein • Three bases on the mRNA molecule that code for one amino acid is a(n) • A.) anti-codon. • B.) codon. • C.) tRNA. • D.) protein. • Transcribe the section of DNA below. G A C T T A C A G C U G A A UG U C • Label parts 1 through 5 in the diagram. 5 1 4 3 2 tRNA Amino acid • 1. _______________ 4. _______________ mRNA Protein • 2. _______________ 5. _______________ ribosome • 3. _______________ 5 1 4 3 2 What is the name of the process in the picture? _____________________ Translation • A mistake in the genetic code is called a Mutation ____________________. • Name the type of mutation in the DNA sequences below. Use these choices Substitution • • • • Insertion Deletion Original strand – CTGACT New strand CTAGACT ___________________ Insertion New strand CTGCT ___________________ Deletion New strand CTGAGT ___________________ Substitution Gel Electrophoresis is a • ___________ ____________________ method used to separate and analyze DNA fragments. DNA fingerprinting • __________ ____________________ is the analysis of DNA fragments to identify an individual. CS= crime scene DNA s1= suspect 1 s2= suspect 2 s3= suspect 3 s4= suspect 4 s5= suspect 5 cs s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 Recombinant DNA or Cloning? Where is genetic engineering used in? Recombinant DNA Technology • Medicine: gene therapy • Agriculture: genetically modified foods Cloning • Medicine: therapeutic cloning of stem cells