Download How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized?

II. Animal Diversity
C. Bilateria
2. Deuterostomes – blastopore forms anus
c. Chordata:
3. Vertebrata
- four traits
- vertebral column
- trends:
- increased locomotion
- increased cephalization
- adaptations to land
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
a. Origin of Vertebrates
- filter feeding ancestor (lancelet-like)
- 550 mya - Pikaea
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
a. Origin of Vertebrates
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
b. Jawless Fishes – (Class: Agnatha)
- Early: Ostracoderms – filter feeding
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
b. Jawless Fishes – (Class: Agnatha)
- Current: lampreys, hagfishes: parasitic
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
- gill arches
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
- gill arches
- evolved to jaws
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
- gill arches
- evolved to jaws
- new niche for verts
(predator - not just detritivore
like the ostracoderms...)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
- gill arches
- evolved to jaws
- new niche for verts
- priority on
locomotion
(to catch prey)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
- gill arches
- evolved to jaws
- new niche for verts
- priority on
locomotion
- Cephalization
(to catch prey)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
- Placoderms (extinct – survived to Permian)
dominant predators
paired appendages for swimming
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
- Placoderms (extinct – survived to Permian)
- Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes)
also efficient paired fins
- sharks
- skates, rays
- ratfish
- must swim or sink;
spend lots of energy
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
- Placoderms (extinct – survived to Permian)
- Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes)
- Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
- Placoderms (extinct – survived to Permian)
- Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes)
- Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes)
- light bone skeleton
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
- Placoderms (extinct – survived to Permian)
- Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes)
- Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes)
- light bone skeleton
- air sac for respiration
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
c. Jawed Fishes
- Placoderms (extinct – survived to Permian)
- Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes)
- Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes)
- light bone skeleton
- air sac for respiration
- in Ray-finned: swim bladder
(light, buoyant, fast)
save energy by floating
- Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes)
- light bone skeleton
- air sac for respiration
- in Ray-finned: swim bladder
(light, buoyant, fast)
- in Lobe-finned and lungfish:
evolved jointed fins…
could support weight
on land, and breath with
air sac. (Devonian – 400my)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
d. Amphibians
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
d. Amphibians
- Evolved in Devonian (375 mya) - Lungfish
- fed on abundant terrestrial Arthropods
An extraordinary sequence of intermediates documenting the colonization of
land. The "red gap" was filled in 2006.
365 mya
385 mya
Eusthenopteron
Panderichthys rhombolepis
Tiktaalik roseae
Acanthostega gunnari
Ichthyostega sp. (remember ?)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
d. Amphibians
- Caecilians, Frogs and Toads, Salamanders
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
d. Amphibians
- Caecilians, Frogs and Toads, Salamanders
- small lungs, respiratory skin must stay moist
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
d. Amphibians
- Caecilians, Frogs and Toads, Salamanders
- small lungs, respiratory skin must stay moist
- eggs must stay moist
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
e. Reptiles – evolved in Carboniferous (325 mya)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
e. Reptiles
- amniotic egg with shell; protects embryo
from desiccation (like a seed...)
embryo
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
e. Reptiles
- amniotic egg with shell
- kidney to produce concentrated urine
...(reduces water loss. reptiles and birds excrete their
nitrogenous waste as a paste (the white stuff in a bird's
droppings) that requires little water.)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
e. Reptiles
- amniotic egg with shell
- kidney to produce concentrated urine
- scales to reduce water loss from skin
(correlating with a larger lung compared to amphibians)
From 250 to 200 mya, the formation of the supercontinent of
Pangaea created warm dry climates that gave ‘reptiles’ the
edge. Remember? This gave gymnosperms the edge, too...
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
f. Mammals: ‘Reptile to Mammal’ transitions
- deep history: Pelycosaurs
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
f. Mammals: ‘Reptile to Mammal’ transitions
- deep history: Pelycosaurs
Therapsids
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
f. Mammals:
- traits:
- hair (endothermy)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
f. Mammals:
- traits:
- hair (endothermy)
- nurse young
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
g. Mammals:
- Development:
- Lay eggs (Monotremes)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
g. Mammals:
- Development:
- Lay eggs (Monotremes)
- birth (Marsupials)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
g. Mammals:
- Development:
- Lay eggs (Monotremes)
- birth (Marsupials)
- birth of independent
offspring (Placentals)
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
g. Mammals:
- Radiation:
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
g. Birds:
- Reptilian Roots
feathered dinosaurs and endothermy
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
g. Birds:
- Reptilian Roots
feathered dinosaurs and endothermy
- flight
II. Animal Diversity
3. Vertebrata
g. Birds:
- one way lung
even on an
exhalation, new
air is pulled
through the
lungs... so birds
even absorb
oxygen on an
exhalation.
One way
transport is
more efficient
(like a gut)...
Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity
I. Innovation and Radiation
A. Patterns:
Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity
I. Innovation and Radiation
A. Patterns:
1. Fish
A. Patterns:
2. Tetrapods
A. Patterns:
3. Summary
- innovation: new “adaptive zone” colonized
(a new place, like an island, or a new habitat (like land
or the air).
A. Patterns:
3. Summary
- innovation: new “adaptive zone” colonized
- radiation – explosion of species colonizing
new areas and exploiting new environments in this new
way
A. Patterns:
3. Summary
- innovation: new “adaptive zone” colonized
- radiation – explosion of species colonizing
new areas and exploiting new environments in this new
way
- competitive contraction? – winners exclude
others…
Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity
I. Innovation and Radiation
A. Patterns:
B. Mechanisms:
- How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized?
Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity
I. Innovation and Radiation
A. Patterns:
B. Mechanisms:
- How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized?
1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the
organism to use resources in a new way (adaptations to
land… adaptations for flight…)
Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity
I. Innovation and Radiation
A. Patterns:
B. Mechanisms:
- How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized?
1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the
organism to use resources in a new way (adaptations to
land… adaptations for flight…)
2. Colonize an uninhabited area (islands) – these
are “ecological vacuums, too…
Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity
I. Innovation and Radiation
A. Patterns:
B. Mechanisms:
- How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized?
1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the
organism to use resources in a new way (adaptations to
land… adaptations for flight…)
2. Colonize an uninhabited area (islands) – these
are “ecological vacuums, too…
3. Be released from competition by mass
extinction of competitors…