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English Peppered Moth Example English Peppered Moth Example Before industrial revolution After industrial revolution Galapagos Ground Finch Study by Rosemary and Peter Grant In dry years average beak depth increases -birds with large bills survive better -more large seeds available In wet years average beak depth decreases -birds with small bills survive better -more small seeds available Reznick/Endler Study on Guppies • Guppies in Trinidad (Caribbean) • Correlated changes in life history characteristics with type of predator • Small predator (Killifish) preys on juvenile guppies • Large predator (Pike Cichlid) preys on large sexually mature guppies • Guppies with cichlids repro at younger age The Experiment • Experimental Group: guppies transplanted from pike cichlid to killifish pools • Control Group: guppies that remained in pike cichlid pools • What happened?? • Experimental Group/transplanted guppies gained an average of 14% greater mass Inorganic Chemistry • Atom, Molecule • Subatomic Particles: protons (+), electrons (-), neutrons • Atomic nucleus: protons + neutrons • Atomic number = # protons • Atomic Weight = # protons + # neutrons • # Protons = # Electrons Isotopes • • • • • • • Differ in number of neutrons 12C 6p 6n 6e14C 6p ?n 6e14C 6p 8n 6eIsotopes are radioactive Can be used as tracers Can date materials Dangers of Isotopes? • 1986 Chernobyl • 1979 Three Mile Island • Strontium? Energy • Capacity to do work • Potential vs. Kinetic • Different states of potential energy for electrons • Electron arrangement in outer shell • 3 Main Bonds: Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons Hydrogen Bond: weak bond between a polar bonded hydrogen and a polar bonded oxygen or nitrogen WATER: polar covalent and hydrogen bonds Properties of Water: Cohesion and Adhesion Cohesion: holds water together within a vessel Adhesion: water sticks to vessel wall resisting gravity High Surface Tension Properties of water: (Due to hydrogen bonding) • Cohesion/Adhesion • High surface tension • High specific heat • High heat of vaporization • Lower density as a solid than a liquid • Good solvent Solute + Solvent = Solution Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic • Hydrophilic: water-loving, attracted to water and dissolves easily in water • Hydrophobic: water-fearing, does not dissolve easily in water (nonpolar) Acids, Bases and Buffers Acid: high H+ pH: measure of H+ Base: low H+ Acid Rain: Destroys Lakes Buildings and Statues Ocean Acidification • Overproduction of carbon dioxide through fossil fuel combustion • Oceans absorb carbon dioxide • Ocean acidification: CO2 dissolves in seawater and reacts with water to form carbonic acid (lowers ocean pH) • Less carbonate for reef calcification CO2 dissolved in ocean reacts with water to form carbonic acid Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions Hydrogen ions form more bicarbonate with carbonate ions making them unavailable for calcification by marine animals such as coral Coral reefs increase biodiversity, protect shorelines, feeding ground for fish species (fisheries), tourism Figure 4.9 P. 63 Origin of life (Miller) ATP = Cellular Energy Macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids How macromolecules are made and broken down Monosaccharides- 1 sugar Major nutrient for cells, stored as di or poly saccharide Linear and Ring Forms Disaccharides- 2 sugars 2 monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis Polysaccharides- 3 or more sugars Many monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis Cellulose Storage Polysaccharides • Starch storage molecules in plants -repeating units of glucose • Glycogen storage of glucose in animals • Cellulose also polymer of glucose in plants, but different 3-D configuration Makes up cell walls in plants Difficult to digest • Chitin makes up exoskeleton in insects Lipids Saturated: no double bonds saturated with H Solid at room temp. Unsaturated: double bonds cause bends Liquid at room temp. Phospholipids Amphipathic: both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts Properties of water shape cell membranes Amino Acids How proteins are made: amino acids are the building blocks Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure-globular Quaternary Structure Nucleic Acids DNA
