Download KC 3 SoL-MoP

Skills and Techniques- Badminton
KC 3- The development of skill and the
refinement of technique
Stages of Learning and Methods of Practice
Stages of Learning
There are 3 important stages when learning and
developing skills:

Preparation stage
(Cognitive)

Practice stage
(Associative)

Automatic stage
(Autonomous)
Preparation Stage







Mental picture of the skill is required as actions/techniques not
learned yet
Actions reduced to simple movements with limited sub-routines and
limited movement (break the skill down)
Very little in the way of pressure or decision making which will be too
much for the performer at this stage
Actions towards the closed skill end of skill classification with
performer repeating the same action.
Practices are simple with shadow, self-feed, simple repetition being
the main forms of practice
Many mistakes will be made, therefore, regular feedback is vital in
establishing the correct technique (Be +ve)
If the result is correct, repeat the action. If the result is inaccurate or
an error, change the action.
Practice Stage









Action slightly more established although mistakes can still be made
Action is more fluent and rhythmical
Accuracy and consistency is greater although improvement in these
areas is still required
More sub-routines and movements are added
More difficult repetition practices, combination practices and
conditioned games can be used
Other shots, either shadow or actual, are added to increase the
game like conditions
More pressure can be added in the form of smaller target areas,
greater targets to achieve (e.g. 7 out of 10)
Feedback is still given but it can be towards the end of the practice
drill
Performance can now be compared to a ‘model’ performance to
highlight specific strengths and weaknesses
Automatic Stage






The action is now established and can be performed without
thinking how to do it
Focus is now on where, when and what action to do
Focus is now on the decision making and playing under pressure
All external factors from a game situation are now part of practice
and play
Performer is now more able to concentrate on tactics
Practices are now more game like (pressure) or are conditioned
games
What methods of practice should be used at each
stage of learning?

Preparation
Shadow/simple repetition practices

Practice
More complex repetition/combination
practices/Conditioned Games

Automatic
Combination/Pressure/Passive/Semi
Active/Active/Unopposed/Opposed/
Conditioned Games
Why is it appropriate to use these methods of
practice at the preparation stage of learning?
Shadow





Shadowing the action without the shuttle means that I can
concentrate on the action itself (the fluency and rhythm of the
movement)
I can get the feel of the action without the extra pressure of actually
completing the action
There are no external factors, therefore, with no hitting the action is
“successful” every time
It is easy for the observer to look and give me feedback as the
action is simple without the distraction of the actual result
I can practise movement patterns (either simple or more complex)
without the complete action of hitting the shuttle
Repetition






Partner-feed (hand). This is a simple repetition practice as my
partner feeds me the shuttle and I repeat the same action each time
If the action is correct, I repeat it. If the action is inaccurate or an
error, I change the action to correct it
Very few external factors. Limited movement patterns
Concentration is on the action itself and the accuracy of the result
Partner-feed (serve). Simple to complex. Action is repeated to
improve control, fluency and consistency
Feedback is given to ensure that the correct action is being learned
at this stage of learning (Positive)
Why is it appropriate to use these methods of
practice at the practice stage of learning?
Repetition/Combination






Repetition drills can be simple or complex. I can adjust the difficulty
depending on my level of ability
The objective of repetition drills is to allow me to establish the action
learned at the preparation stage
The more I repeat the correct action, the more it will become
automatic
Drills are ongoing repetition (e.g. OHC rally) with more movement
than “repetition” practices at the previous stage (more complex)
Combination drills allow me to add more shots to make the practice
more game like. These shots can initially be introduced as a shadow
movement and then the full action can be incorporated as I become
more confident
I can easily set targets for each practice allowing me to monitor if my
performance is improving
Why is it appropriate to use these methods of
practice at the automatic stage of learning?
Passive/Semi active/Active or Opposed/Unopposed

Somewhere between associative and autonomous. The technical
action has been established and external factors like decision
making and playing under pressure are introduced in a gradual
manner.

Defence/opposition is co-operative at first and as the performer gets
used to the options available, the practices move from unopposed to
opposed or from passive to semi active to active. This allows for
gradual progression to take the technical action into game-like
conditions.
Game-like practices (pressure drills)

Appropriate to the automatic stage as the technical action is
practised under game-like conditions e.g. decision making, pressure
etc. but has an element of competition in the practice.

Motivation influence of competition while still practising the specific
technical action
Conditioned Games

Playing in actual games but setting specific conditions designed to
bring about an improvement in the technical action

Promotes the improvement of the action whilst introducing all the
elements experienced in a game
Homework

Complete Homework tasks 2 and 3 based on Stages of
Learning and Methods of Practice