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Cosmetology: Basics of Chemistry Milady’s Standard Cosmetology MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides “The greater the difficulty, the more glory in surmounting it. Skillful pilots gain their reputation from storms and tempests.” Epictetus MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Objectives • Explain the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry. • Discuss the different forms of matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures. • Explain pH and the pH scale. • Describe oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions. MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Matter • Anything that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties, and exists as a solid, liquid, or gas. MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Elements • • • • • Simplest form of matter Cannot be reduced without loss of identity 90 – natural 22 – artificial Identified by a letter symbol • C–O–H–N–S MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Atoms and Molecules • Atom: Particles from which all matter is composed. • Molecules: Result of joined atoms. – Elemental molecule – Compound molecule MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides States of Matter • Solid: Have shape, volume, weight (ice) • Liquid: Have volume and weight, no shape (water) • Gas: Have no volume or shape (steam) MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Physical and Chemical Properties • Physical: Determined without a chemical reaction (color, odor, weight, density). MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides • Chemical: Determined with a chemical reaction (change identity – rusting iron, burning wood). MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Pure Substances and Mixtures • Pure substances (distinct properties) • Mixtures (elements combined physically) MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides • • • • • • • Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions Solution Solute Solvent Miscible liquids Immiscible liquids Suspension Emulsion MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Surfactants • • • • Head Tail Surfactant molecule Oil in water emulsion (O/W) MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Surfactants • Water in oil emulsion (W/O) MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Other Physical Properties • Ointments • Powders MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Common Ingredients • • • • • • Alcohol Alkanolamines Ammonia Glycerine Silicones Volatile organic compounds MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Potential Hydrogen and Ions • • • • Ion Ionization Anion Cation MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Water and pH • Hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic. • Hydrogen ion (OH) is alkaline. MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides The pH Scale • pH: Parts hydrogen or potential hydrogen • The scale: 0 – 14 • pH 7: neutral MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Acids • Acids – pH below 7.0 – Turn litmus paper from blue to red – Contracts and harden hair MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Alkalis • • • • • pH above 7.0 . Known as “base”. Turn litmus paper from red to blue. Feel slippery and soapy on skin. Soften and swell hair. MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reactions • Pure water • Neutralizing shampoos and normalizing lotions MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Oxidation Reactions • • • • Oxidation Oxidation-reduction Exothermic Combustion MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Reduction Reactions • Oxidized • Reduction • Oxidizing agent MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Redox • Redox (a contraction from “reduction” and “oxidation”) • Oxidation (relocating hydrogen) • Reduction (adding or subtracting hydrogen) MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Summary and Review • What is chemistry? • Why is a basic understanding of chemistry important? • What is the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry? • What are atoms? MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides • What are elements? • What are the physical and chemical properties of matter? • What is the difference between physical and chemical changes. Give examples. • Describe 3 states of matter. MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides • Explain elements, compounds, and mixtures. • What is the difference between solutions, suspension, and emulsions? Give examples. • Define pH and the pH scale. • Explain the difference between oxidation and reduction reactions. MILADY’S Standard COSMETOLOGY Instructor Support Slides Congratulations ! You’ve just completed one unit of study toward program completion.
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