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Pharmacology for Diabetes Agents By Alaina Darby Insulin Which of the following is true of Type II diabetes? a. It is caused by an autoimmune reaction b.It is caused by insufficient insulin production c. It is caused by decreased insulin sensitivity d.It is known as Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Which of the following is not true of insulin? a. It is secreted as proinsulin by the Islet of Langerhaans b.The mature form contains A and B chains c. It promotes storage of glucose d.It is formed in the pancreatic α-cells Which of the following is true of A1C? a. It is a measure of glucuronidated hemoglobin b.Normal A1C is about 8% c. A1C measures average blood sugar for the past 3-4 months d.Lower average blood glucose yields a higher A1C Which of the following does not cause the release of insulin? a. Sugars b.Amino acids c. Somatostatin d.Vagal stimulation e.Sulfonylureas Which of the following inhibits insulin release? a. Norepinephrine b.Cholecystokinin c. Secretin d.Gastrin Which of the following is not an effect of insulin in the adipose tissue? a. Inhibit free fatty acid release b.Conversion of glucose to glycogen c. Conversion of glucose to fatty acids and TAG d.Transport of glucose into the cells Which of the following is a characteristic of Type I diabetes? a. Majority of diabetic patients b.Beta cell degeneration c. Associated with obesity d.Treatment includes diet, exercise, and oral drugs Which of the following is a characteristic of Type II diabetes? a. Elevated insulin b.Juvenile onset c. Insulin is the only treatment d.10-20% of diabetics Which of the following is the fastest acting type of insulin? a. NPH insulin b.Lente insulin c. Insulin glargine d.Regular insulin Which of the following is true of insulin replacement therapy? a. Blood glucose measurements are taken after each meal b.Insulin should be given at every meal c. Insulin pumps require glucose monitoring d.Insulin can be given as a nasal spray Which of the following is synthesized to act faster than regular insulin? a. Lantus b.Levemir c. Novolin d.Novalog Which of the following exists only in a monomeric state? a. Lantus b.Levemir c. Novolin d.Novalog Which of the following can be injected once a day? a. Insulin aspart b.Insulin glargine c. Insulin lispro d.Insulin glulisine Which of the following is true of the insulin inhaler (Afrezza)? a. It is less expensive than injected insulin b.It is inhaled through the nose into the lungs c. It is a complete replacement for insulin therapy d.It is short acting insulin Which of the following describes diabetic coma? a. Caused by insulin overdose b.Treated with glucose c. Result of hypoglycemia d.Results in decreased pH Which of the following is not a result of low insulin? a. Hepatic gluconeogenesis b.Hypoglycemic coma c. Increased fatty acid release d.Increased presence of ketone bodies Oral Agents Which of the following is true of glucagon? a. Used during hyperglycemia b.Decreased in fasting c. Decreased in diabetes d.Opposes insulin Which of the following is the main initial effect of sulfonylureas? a. Increase insulin sensitivity b.Increase insulin release c. Decrease insulin metabolism d.Decrease gluconeogenesis Which of the following is a first generation sulfonylurea? a. Glyburide b.Chlorpropamide c. Glipizide d.Glimepiride Which of the following is a potential drug interaction with sulfonylureas? a. NSAID’s enhance hypoglycemic action b.NSAID’s counteract hypoglycemic action c. Metformin enhances hypoglycemic action d.Metformin counteracts hypoglycemic action Which of the following is a difference between sulfonylureas and meglitinides? a. Rapid GI absorption b.Metabolized in liver c. Increases insulin secretion d.Targeted receptor Which of the following is true of biguanides? a. Extensively metabolized in liver b.Side effect is hypoglycemia c. Increases insulin secretion d.Decreases gluconeogenesis Which of the following is upregulated by metformin? a. cAMP b.Phospholipase C c. AMP d.PIP Which of the following binds and activates PPARγ? a. Thiazolidinediones b.Sulfonylureas c. Biguanides d.Meglitinides e.α-Glucosidase Inhibitors f. SGLT2 Inhibitors Which of the following is the main effect of PPARγ activation? a. Increase insulin sensitivity b.Increased adipose lipolysis c. Decreased FFA uptake and storage d.Decreased glucose transport into muscles Which of the following acts on brush border enzymes? a. Thiazolidinediones b.Sulfonylureas c. Biguanides d.Meglitinides e.α-Glucosidase Inhibitors f. SGLT2 Inhibitors Which of the following is used to treat both insulinomas and glucagonomas? a. Diazoxide b.Ocreotide c. Somatostatin d.Incretins Which of the following is used to treat insulinomas and inhibits insulin secretion but not synthesis? a. Diazoxide b. Ocreotide c. Somatostatin d. Incretins Which of the following is used to treat both glucagonomas and acromegaly? a. Diazoxide b.Ocreotide c. Somatostatin d.Incretins Incretins have what action in the body? a. Decrease insulin secretion b.Increase insulin secretion c. Decrease insulin sensitivity Increase insulin sensitivity Which of the following is a synthetic incretin? a. Sitagliptin phosphate b.Exenatide c. Metformin d.Repaglinide Which of the following is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor? a. Sitagliptin phosphate b.Exenatide c. Metformin d.Repaglinide Which of the following is not an action of GLP-1? a. Glycogenolysis inhibition b.Increased gastric emptying c. Increased satiety d.Decreased glucagon secretion e.Increased insulin secretion f. Beta cell production Which of the following is deficient in individuals with T1DM? a. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 b.GLP-1 c. GIP d.Amylin Which of the following is true of amylin? a. It is released with glucagon b.It increases gastric emptying c. It promotes satiety d.It promotes glucagon secretion e.It inhibits weight loss Which of the following acts on the kidney to produce its effects? a. Repaglinide b.Troglitazone c. Metformin d.Acarbose e.Cinagliflozin Which is not a potiential adverse effect of SGLT2 inhibitors? a. Hypotension b.Hypokalemia c. Hypoglycemia d.Increased LDL Which of the following decreases gluconeogenesis? a. Repaglinide b.Troglitazone c. Metformin d.Acarbose e.Cinagliflozin Which of the following promotes insulin secretion? a. Repaglinide b.Troglitazone c. Metformin d.Acarbose e.Cinagliflozin Which of the following promotes insulin sensitivity? a. Repaglinide b.Troglitazone c. Metformin d.Acarbose e.Cinagliflozin Which of the following should not be given to someone with renal disease? a. Repaglinide b.Troglitazone c. Metformin d.Acarbose e.Cinagliflozin