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Name: Phototropism and Gravitropism Fill in the Blank Notes Main Understandings ○ Explain phototropism and gravitropism as examples of control systems in plants ○ Explain how our understanding of phototropism and gravitropism has changed over time. How do plants respond to different stimuli? ● ______________________: a growth in response to a stimuli ● Positive tropism: the plant grows ________________________ the stimuli ● ____________________________ tropism: the plant grows AWAY from the stimuli What is phototropism? ● ● When light is the _______________________that the plant responds to The plant has a hormone called _____________________. This hormone is found in both the roots and the top of the plant (the shoot) and causes plant growth. ● A high concentration of auxin results in the elongation/ growth of that part of the ____________________! How does it work? Auxin ● ● ● The auxin molecules moves ________________ from the light and result in cell elongation wherever they move. Light overhead: auxin moves _______________the stem causing the stem to grow Light to the side: the auxin moves away from the light causing that side to grow and the plant to bend ____________________ the light. Darwin’s famous experiment ●Cut off the tip it did ______________grow ●Covering the tip, it did not bend. ●Covering the base it ________________. ●Another scientist _____________________________ studies plants after Darwin. ● Inserted a disk on each side of the plant. Found when it was on the shady side - phototropism was affected. ● Found when it was in the sunny side it did not affect bending. Gravitropism ● ● Roots also have auxins that move based on the root’s position Root _________________ - the auxin moves down and the BOTTOM SIDE GROWS LESS (this is opposite of auxin in the shoot). ● Therefore, the top side grows more and it bends _____________________. Fill in the blank notes Turgor Pressure and Roots Main Understandings: ○ ○ Explain osmosis; diffusion, active transport and root pressure in root hairs Explain transpiration in plants, cohesion and adhesion as properties of water, and turgor pressure Recall: ● Where are sugars produced in our plant?____________________ By what process?___________________ ● ● Transported by what?_______________ Where does water leave our plant?_______________________ But where does water first enter our plant?! ● ● The _______________! The roots have tiny little extensions called _______________ that help absorb water and minerals! ● ● Water moves into our roots via _______________ The minerals have to be moved into the root cells against their concentration gradient by ______________________. Water Then… Moves up towards the leaves through the ________________! What was the movement of water out of the leaves called again?______________________ Why else is water important → Turgor Pressure ● Water is why are stems are either firm and straight up or wilted! ● Turgor pressure is when water moves into our plant cell pushing the cell ___________ against the cell ____________. ● As a result, the plant is firm or ____________. ● When water moves out of our plant cell, the cell shrinks and ________! ● Water would move into the cell in a _____________ solution ● Water would move out of the cell in a ____________ solution Turgor Pressure also affects Guard Cells: ● When the guard cells are turgid, they _____________which allows gas exchange ● When the guard cells are flaccid or wilted, they ____________ and reduce the amount of water loss and gas exchange. Transpiration Summary: ● The process by which water leaves the plant. ○ ○ ○ Water enters the plant by the root and root___________cells ○ The water leaving the plant pulls on the other water molecules by ___________________ Then moves up the________________ When it reaches the _________________ it turns to water vapour and leaves the plant. ○ The adhesion of water to the xylem cells helps prevent water from going back down. Gas Exchange in plants: ● In sunlight: ___________________ ○ ● Carbon dioxide flows _____________the plant through the stomata to make sugars. Oxygen leaves through the_________________. When it is dark: Plants use ________________ ○ They use the sugar they made and _____________ to produce energy. They then release __________________. ○ Woody Trees/Stems have another way: ● ● Woody trees and stems also have tissues with pores called ___________________! Allows for even more gas exchange to occur.