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Chapter 12 Appendicular Muscles Fig. 12.1 Superficial Deep Trapezius Deltoid (cut) Subclavius Subscapularis Deltoid Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Teres major Serratus anterior Latissimus dorsi Long head Biceps brachii Short head Latissimus dorsi Long head Short head Biceps brachii Coracobrachialis • brachi = arm Anterior view Fig. 12.2 Superficial Deep Trapezius Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Supraspinatus Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Rhomboid major Teres minor Teres major Teres major Serratus anterior Latissimus dorsi Serratus posterior inferior External oblique Posterior view Deep Fig. 12.3 Protractors Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Retracted scapulae Protracted scapulae (“good posture”) (“poor posture”) (a) Retraction and protraction of scapula Anterior view Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 12.3 Superficial Deep Rhomboid minor Trapezius Retractors Trapezius Rhomboids Rhomboid major Retracted scapulae (“good posture”) (a) Retraction and protraction of scapula Posterior view Clavicle stabilizer • Subclavius strengthens and stabilizes clavicle Superficial Deep Subclavius Fig. 12.3 Superficial Elevators Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor Levator scapulae Trapezius (superior part) Trapezius Deep Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major (b) Elevation and depression of scapula Fig. 12.3 Depressors Superficial Deep Trapezius (inferior part) Pectoralis minor Trapezius Pectoralis minor (b) Elevation and depression of scapula Fig. 12.3 Superficial Posterior Deep Anterior Trapezius Serratus anterior Superior rotators Serratus anterior Trapezius (superior part) (c) Superior and inferior rotation of scapula Fig. 12.3 Deep Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Inferior rotators Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor Levator scapulae (c) Superior and inferior rotation of scapula Fig. 12.4a Superficial Deep Sternocleidomastoid Subclavius Subscapularis Deltoid Pectoralis major Biceps brachii, long head Coracobrachialis Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Fig. 12.4b Superficial Trapezius Deep Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Deltoid Rhomboid major Latissimus dorsi Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Fig. 12.5 Rotator Cuff Clavicle Acromion Supraspinatus Coracoid process Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor Humerus (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Fig. 12.5 Lateral Rotation Subscapularis Infraspinatus and teres minor Arm Flexion Supraspinatus Medial Rotation Infraspinatus and teres minor Subscapularis (c) Movement of rotator cuff muscles (left): © Elsa/Getty Images; (middle): © Brita Meng Outzen/AP Photo; (right): © Mike Fiala/Getty Images Fig. 12.6 Anterior Biceps brachii Posterior upper limb muscles are extensors. View of cross section Brachialis Medial Lateral Humerus Triceps brachii Anterior upper limb muscles are flexors. Medial head Lateral head Long head Posterior Fig. 12.7 Deltoid Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii, long head Brachioradialis Biceps brachii, short head Triceps brachii Brachialis Bicipital aponeurosis (a) Anterior view Fig. 12.7 Superficial Deep Coracoid process Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii, long head Biceps brachii, short head Brachialis Biceps brachii tendon Coronoid process of ulna Radial tuberosity (b) Anterior muscles Fig. 12.9 Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Supinator Pronator teres Interosseous membrane Pronator quadratus Supination Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Supinator Pronator teres Interosseous membrane Pronator quadratus Pronation Fig. 12.11 (a) Right anterior forearm, superficial view Medial epicondyle Common flexor tendon Pronator teres Flexor carpi ulnaris Brachioradialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Flexor retinaculum Palmar aponeurosis Fig. 12.11 (b) Right anterior forearm, intermediate view (c) Right anterior forearm, deep view Supinator Radius Flexor digitorum superficialis Ulna Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons Flexor digitorum profundus tendons Flexor digitorum profundus tendons Page 368 Flexor pollicis longus tendon Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon Palmaris longus tendon (cut) Median nerve Flexor carpi radialis tendon Flexor digitorum profundus tendon Common flexor synovial sheath Flexor retinaculum covering carpal tunnel Trapezium Common flexor synovial sheath Carpal tunnel, anterior view Page 368 Anterior View of cross section Palmaris longus tendon Flexor carpi radialis tendon Median nerve Flexor retinaculum covering carpal tunnel Ulnar artery Ulnar nerve Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons Carpal tunnel Flexor pollicis longus tendon Common flexor synovial sheath Flexor digitorum profundus tendons Trapezium Hamate Trapezoid Capitate Posterior Carpal tunnel, transverse section Fig. 12.13 Brachioradialis Anconeus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor retinaculum Extensor digitorum tendons Fig. 12.13 Olecranon process of ulna Supinator Extensor pollicis longus Extenso indicis Dorsal interossei Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Fig. 12.14 Tendon sheath First dorsal interosseous Flexor digitorum profundus tendon Flexor pollicis longus tendon Flexor digitorum superficialis tendon Lumbricals Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor retinaculum Adductor pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Palmaris longus tendon (cut) (a) Right hand, superficial palmar view Fig. 12.14 Palmar interossei Transverse head Opponens digiti minimi Flexor retinaculum (cut) Oblique head Adductor pollicis Opponens pollicis Flexor carpi radialis tendon Carpal tunnel Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon Abductor pollicis longus tendon (b) Right hand, deep palmar view Fig. 12.14 2nd dorsal interosseous Extensor Indicis tendon 3rd dorsal interosseous First dorsal interosseous 4th dorsal interosseous Extensor pollicis longus tendon Extensor digiti minimi tendon Extensor pollicis brevis tendon Abductor digiti minimi Extensor digitorum tendons Extensor retinaculum (c) Right hand, posterior view Fig. 12.15a Psoas minor Iliac crest Psoas major Gluteus medius Iliacus Gluteus maximus Tensor fasciae latae Sartorius Iliopsoas Pectineus Adductor brevis Rectus femoris Adductor longus Gracilis Vastus lateralis Iliotibial tract Adductor magnus Biceps femoris, long head Semimembranosus Patella Biceps femoris, short head Gastrocnemius (a) Right thigh, anterior view (b) Right thigh, lateral view Fig. 12.15b Iliac crest Sacrum Gluteus maximus (cut) Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator internus Sacrotuberous ligament Inferior gemellus Ischial tuberosity Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus maximus (cut) Quadratus femoris Gracilis Biceps femoris, long head Adductor magnus Semitendinosus Iliotibial tract Fig. 12.16 View of cross section Lateral thigh and some gluteal muscles abduct the thigh. Anterior Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Anterior thigh muscles flex the hip and/or extend the leg/knee. Sartorius Vastus intermedius Femur Lateral Medial Adductor longus Adductor brevis Gracilis Adductor magnus Iliotibial tract Biceps femoris, short head Biceps femoris, long head Posterior thigh muscles extend the thigh and/or flex the leg/knee. Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Medial thigh muscles adduct the thigh. Posterior Fig. 12.17 Iliopsoas Iliacus Psoas major Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Adductor longus Iliotibial tract Gracilis Rectus femoris Sartorius Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Quadriceps tendon Patella Patellar ligament (a) Right thigh, anterior view Fig. 12.17 Greater trochanter Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius Sartorius Vastus lateralis Patella Patellar ligament Tibia (b) Anterior thigh muscles Vastus medialis Iliac crest Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Hamstrings Semitendinosus Biceps femoris, long head Biceps femoris, short head (a) Right thigh, posterior view Fig. 12.18 Fig. 12.18 Ischial tuberosity Linea aspera Adductor magnus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris, long head Semimembranosus Biceps femoris, short head Head of fibula (b) Thigh extensors Fig. 12.19 Anterior Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Anterior leg muscles dorsiflex the foot and/or extend the toes. Tibia Posterior leg muscles flex the leg, plantar flex the foot, and/or flex the toes. Extensor hallucis longus Fibula Fibularis longus View of cross section Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Lateral Fibularis brevis Medial Soleus Plantaris tendon Lateral leg muscles plantar flex and evert the foot. Gastrocnemius (medial head) Gastrocnemius (lateral head) Posterior (a) Right leg, anterior view Fig. 12.20 Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Extensor digitorum longus Gastrocnemius Tibia Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor retinaculum Fibularis tertius tendon Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor hallucis longus tendon Extensor digitorum longus tendons Extensor hallucis brevis Fig. 12.20 Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis tertius Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius tendon (b) Anterior leg muscles Fig. 12.21 Patella Head of fibula Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Fibularis tertius Calcaneal tendon Extensor digitorum brevis Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Extensor retinaculum Extensor hallucis brevis Extensor hallucis longus tendon Fibular retinaculum Fibularis tertius tendon (a) Right leg, lateral view Extensor digitorum longus tendons 5th metatarsal Fig. 12.21 Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Fibularis longus tendon (b) Lateral leg muscles 5th metatarsal Fig. 12.22 Plantaris Gastrocnemius Lateral head Medial head Soleus Flexor hallucis longus tendon Calcaneal tendon Flexor retinaculum Medial malleolus Fibular retinaculum Lateral malleolus Calcaneus (a) Right leg, superficial posterior view Fig. 12.22 Plantaris (cut) Gastrocnemius (cut) Popliteus Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Fibularis brevis Calcaneal tendon (cut) (b) Deep posterior view Fig. 12.22 Popliteus Tibia Tibialis posterior Fibula Flexor digitorum longus Interosseous membrane Tarsal and metatarsal bones Distal phalanges of toes 2–5 (c) Deep posterior leg muscles Flexor hallucis longus Distal phalanx of hallux Fig. 12.23 Lumbricals Adductor hallucis Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum brevis Tendons of flexor digitorum longus Abductor hallucis Quadratus plantae Abductor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi (cut) Abductor hallucis (cut) Calcaneus (a) Layer 1 (superficial) (b) Layer 2 (deep) (c) Layer 3 (deeper) Fig. 12.23 Plantar interossei Dorsal interossei (d) Layer 4 (deepest), plantar view (e) Layer 4 (deepest), dorsal view
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