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LO: Topographical and Surface Anatomy of Muscles and Nerves of the Lower Limb
Basic Anatomical Structures and Principles (syllabus)
Understand the concepts and associated principles, functional and clinical applications of
the topographical anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the lower limbs.
Surface and Functional Anatomy (syllabus)
Understand and explain the relevant surface and functional anatomy of
the muscles and nerves of the lower limb.
Muscles
Anterior and Medial Thigh Muscles
Anterior Compartment of the Thigh
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Sartorius
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, medialis
and intermedius (‘quadriceps femosis’)
Pectineus
Medial Compartment of the Thigh
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Garcilis
Adductor longis
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Obturator externus
Gluteal Muscles
Muscles of the Gluteal Region
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Tensor fascia lata
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Piriformis
Posterior Thigh Muscles
Muscles of the Posterior Thigh
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Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
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Obturator internus
Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus
Quadratus femoris
Muscles of the Anterior and Lateral Leg
Muscles of the Anterior Leg
 Tibialis anterior
 Extensor hallucis longus
 Extensor digitorum longus
 Peroneus tertius
Muscles of the Lateral Leg
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Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Muscles of the Posterior Leg
Muscles of the Posterior Leg
Superficial layer
Intermediate layer
Deep layer
Very Deep Layer
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Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
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Popliteus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
Muscles of the Dorsum of the Foot
Muscles of the Dorsum of the foot:
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extensor digitorum brevis
tendons of the extensor
digitorum longus
extensor hallucis brevis
dorsal interosseous muscles
Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
1st layer
2nd layer
3rd layer
4th layer
Nerves
(Sorry – I can’t find any good pictures for the nerves, so
you will need to refer to the lecture nots)
Nerves of the Anterior and Medial Thigh:
 lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
 femoral nerve
 anterior branch of obturator nerve
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Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae)
4 lumbricals
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
3 Plantar interossei
4 Dorsal interossei
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posterior branch of obturator nerve
cutaneous branch of obturator nerve
cutaneous branches of femoral nerve
saphenous nerve
nerve to vastus medialis
Nerves and Arteries of the Posterior Thigh:
 Superior gluteal nerve
 sciatic nerve
 nerve to obturator internus
 inferior gluteal nerve
 posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
 nerve to quadrates femoris
Nerves of Anterior Leg:
 Common peroneal nerve (also called the common fibular nerve)
 Deep peroneal nerve
 Saphenous nerve
 Superficial peroneal nerve
Nerves of the Posterior Leg:
 Tibial nerve
 Common peroneal nerve
 Medial cutaneous nerve
 Lateral cutaneous nerve
 Sural nerve
 Lateral sural nerve
 Medial sural nerve
Nerves of the Foot:
 Medial calcaneal branch (tibial nerve)
 Tibial nerve
 Lateral calcaneal branch (sural nerve)
 Lateral plantar nerve
 Medial plantar nerve
 Common plantar digital nerves
 Proper plantar digital nerves
Functional Anatomy of the Muscles and Nerves of the Lower Limb
Muscles that move the thigh
Group and Muscle
Action
Innervation
Gluteaus Maximus
Extension and Lateral rotation
at hip
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5 – S2)
Gluteus Medius
Abduction and medial rotation
at hip
Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4 –
S1)
Gluteaus Minimus
As above
As above
Tensor Fascia Latae
Flexion and medial rotation at
hip; tneses fascia lata, which
laterally supports the knee
As above
Obturators (externus and
internus)
Lateral rotation at hip
Obturator Nerve (externus – L3
– L4) and special nerve from
sacral plexus (L5 – S2)
Piriformis
Lateral Rotation and Abduction Branches of Sacral Nerves (S1 –
at hip
S2)
Gemelli (sup and inf)
Lateral rotation at hip
Nerves to obturator internus
and quadrates femoris
Quadratus femoris
As above
Special nerve from Sacral
Plexus (L4 – S1)
Adductor brevis
Adduction, flexion and medial
rotation at hip
Obturator nerve (L3 – L4)
Adductor longus
As above
As above
Adductor magnus
Adduction at hip; superior part Obturator and sciatic nerves
produces flexion and medial
rotation; inferior part produces
extension and lateral rotation
Pectineus
Flexion, medial rotation and
adduction at hip
GLUTEAL GROUP
LATERAL ROTATOR GROUP
ADDUCTOR GROUP
Femoral Nerve (L2 – L4)
Flexion at knee, adduction and
medial rotation at hip
Obturator nerve (L3 – L4)
Iliacus
Flexion at hip
Femoral Nerve (L2 – L3)
Psoas Major
Flexion at hip or lumbar
intervertebral joints
Branches of the lumbar plexus
(L2 – L3)
Biceps Femoris
Flexion at knee, extension and
lateral rotation at hip
Sciatic nerve, tibial portion (S1
– S3; to long head) and
common fibular branch (L5 –
S2; to short head)
Semimembranosus
Flexion at knee, extansion and
medial rotation at hip
Sciatic nerve (tibial portion, L5
– S2)
Semitendinosus
As above
As above
Sartorius
Flexion at knee, fklexion and
lateral rotation at hip
Femoral nerve (L2 – L3)
Popliteus
Medial rotation of tibia (or
lateral rotation of femur),
flexion at knee
Tibial nerve (L4 – S1)
Rectus femoris
Extension at knee, flexion at
hip
Femoral nerve (L2 – L4)
Vastus intermedius
Extension at knee
As above
Vastus lateralis
As above
As above
Vastus medialis
As above
As above
Gracilis
ILIOPSOAS GROUP
Muscles that move the Leg
FLEXORS OF THE KNEE
EXTENSORS OF THE KNEE
Extrinsic Muscles that move the Foot and Toes
ACTION AT THE ANKLE
Flexors
(Dorsiflexors)
Tibialis
anterior
Dorsiflexion at ankle, inversion
of foot
Extensors
(Plantar
Gastrocnemius Plantar flexion at ankle,
inversion of foot, flexion at
Deep fibular nerve (L4 – S1)
Tibial nerve (S1 – S2)
flexors)
knee
Fibularis
brevis
Eversion of foot and plantar
flexion at ankle
Superficial fibular nerve (L4 –
S1)
Fibularis
longus
Eversion of foot and plantar
flexion at ankle; supports
longitudinal arch
As above
Plantaris
Plantar flexion at ankle; flexion
at knee
Tibial nerve (L4 – S1)
Soleus
Plantar flexion at ankle
Sciatic nerve, tibial branch (S1
– S2)
Tibialis
posterior
Adduction and inversion of
foot; extension (plantar
flexion) at ankle
As above
Flexor
digitorum
longus
Flexion at joints of toes 2 - 5
Sciatic nerve, tibial branch (L5
– S1)
Flexor hallucis
longus
Flexion at joints of great toe
As above
Extensor
digitorum
longus
Extension at joints of toes 2 - 5
Deep fibular nerve (L4 – S1)
Extensor
hallucis longus
Extension at joints of great toe
As above
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extension at metatarsophalangeal joints of toes 1 - 4
Deep fibular nerve (L5 – S1)
Abductor hallucis
Abduction at metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe
Medial plantar nerve (L4 – L5)
Flexor digitorum brevis
Flexion at proximal
interphalangeal joints of toes 2
-5
As above
Abductor digiti minimi
Abduction at metatarso-
Lateral plantar nerve (L4 – L5)
ACTION AT THE TOES
Digital
flexors
Digital
extensors
Intrinsic muscles of the foot
phalangeal joint of toe 5
Quadratus plantae
Flexion at joints of toes 2 - 5
As above
Lumbrical (4)
Flexion at metatarsophalangeal joints; extension at
proximal interphalangeal joints
of toes 2 - 5
Medial plantar nerve (1),
lateral plantar nerve (2 – 4)
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexion at metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe
Medial plantar nerve (L4 – L5)
Adductor hallucis
Adduction at metatarsophalangeal joint of toe 5
Ateral plantar nerve (S1 - S2)
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Flexion at metatarsophalangeal joint of toe 5
As above
Dorsal interosseus (4)
Abduction at metatarsophalangeal joints of toes 3 and
4
As above
Plantar interosseus (3)
Abduction at metatarsophalangeal joints of toes 3 - 5
As above