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MEDICINE FACULTY
2016/2017
Programme of the Human anatomy
for Medicine faculty students
I. Locomotion system
Lectures
1. Introduction to anatomy studies
Content. Introduction to anatomy studies. Anatomical position, principal planes and axes, terms.
Parts of the body. Human organ systems.
2. General osteology
Content. Bone structure and functions. Skeletal system: parts. Groups of the bones. Vertebral
column: structure, joints, curvatures, movements. Radiograph of the skeleton.
3. Bone junctions.
Content. Bone joints: structure, classification. Fibrous joints. Cartilage joints. Synovial joints:
structure, types, biomechanics. Radiograph of the joints.
4. Skull
Content. Skull bones: structure, joints. Neonatal and aged skull. Gender variations of the skull.
Radiograph of the skull.
5. Whole skull
Content. Facial (viscerocranium) skull. Neurocranium: calvaria, base, borders. Internal and
external cranial base. Nasal cavity, orbit, pterygopalatine fossa.
6. General myology
Content. Striated muscle, general structure. Skeletal muscles: structure and classification.
Functional groups.
7.
Adnexal structures of the muscles.
Content. Adnexal structures of the muscles: vaginas and bursae. Fascias. Cavities, canals,
grooves, and openings for blood vessels and nerves.
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I. Locomotion system
Practical works
1. Bones of the trunk
Content. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrococcygeal parts of the vertebral column.
Typical and non-typical features of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae.
Vertebra: body, arch, opening, processes (spinous, transverse, upper and inferior articular)
Vertebral canal, intervertebral openings.
Cervical vertebrae: transverse opening. Atlas: anterior and posterior arches, fovea dentis, Axis,
tooth.
Thoracic vertebrae: superior and inferior costal demifacets, complete facet, transverse costal facet.
Lumbar vertebrae.
Sacrum: basal part, apex, and lateral parts, auricular surface, pelvic surface and anterior (pelvic)
openings, dorsal surface, dorsal openings, canal, promontorium.
Coccyx.
Ribs: true, false, and floating ribs. Bony part: head, neck, shaft, tubercle, groove. Costal cartilage.
Sternum. Parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. Jugular, clavicular, and costal notches.
Hyoid bone, greater and lesser horns.
Joints of vertebral column: between bodies, arches, and processes. Anterior and posterior
longitudinal, yellow ligaments. Intervertebral discs (symphyses): anulus fibrosus and nucleus
pulposus. Zygapophysial (intervertebral) synovial joints: structural components, type, and movements.
Costovertebral joints: joints of costal heads and costotransversal joints. Sternocostal joints.
Thorax: superior and inferior thoracic apertures.
2. Bones and joints of the upper limb
Content. Bones of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle. Clavicle: shaft, acromial and sternal endings.
Scapula: spine, supraspinous, infraspinous fossae, coracoid process, acromion, glenoid cavity.
Bones of the arm: humerus: head, anatomical and surgical neck, greater and lesser tubercles, shaft,
condyle, capitulum, troclea, coronoid and olecranon fossae, medial and lateral epicondyles, radial
and ulnar grooves.
Bones of the forearm. Radius: head, articular fossa, shaft, carpal articular surface, styloid process.
Ulna: olecranon, trochlear and radial notches, shaft, head, styloid process.
Bones of the hand. Carpal (wrist) bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiforme, trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
Metacarpal bones: base, shaft, head.
Phalanges: proximal, middle, distal. Phalanx: base, shaft, head.
Joints of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle: sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints: structural
components, movements.
Joints of upper arm. Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint: structural components and adnexa: glenoid
labrum, coracohumeral ligament. Type of the joint, movements.
Elbow joint: humeroulnar, humeroradial and proximal radio-ulnar joints. Structural components,
types, biomechanics.
Distal radio-ulnar joint: structural components, movements.
Interosseous membrane.
Wrist (radiocarpal) joint: structural components, articular disc, type, and movements.
Carpometacarpal joints, carpometacarpal joint of the thumb: structural components, type,
movements. Metacarpophalangeal joints: structural components, movements.
Interphalangeal joint, structural components, movements.
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3. Bones and joints of the lower limb
Content. Hip bone. Acetabulum. Obturatum foramen. The ilium: body, ala (wing), iliac crista,
superior and inferior anterior iliac spines, superior and inferior posterior iliac spines, auricular
surface, iliac fossa, arcuate line. The ischium: body, ramus, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, greater
and lesser sciatic notches. The pubis: body, superior and inferior ramus, pubic crest, tuberculum,
symphyseal surface.
Femur: head, neck, shaft, greater and lesser trochanters, medial and lateral condyles, medial and
lateral epicondyles. Patella. Tibia: medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, superior
and inferior articular surfaces, shaft, medial malleolus, fibular notch, tuberosity. Fibula: head,
shaft, lateral malleolus.
Bones of the foot. Tarsal bones: talus, calcaneus, navicular bone, medial, intermediate and lateral
cuneiform bones, cuboid bone. The metatarsal bones: head, shaft, base.
Phalanges: proximal, middle and distal. Phalanx: base, shaft and head.
Joints of the pelvis. Sacroiliac joint: articular surfaces, type of the joint. Pubic symphysis. Borders
of the greater and lesser sciatic openings. Sacrospinal and sacrotuberal ligaments.
Bony walls of the pelvis, greater and lesser (true) pelvis, borders of true pelvis inlet.
Hip joint: structural components, adnexal structures: acetabular labrum, ligament of head of femur,
iliofemoral ligament, type of the joint, movements.
Knee joint: structural components, adnexal structures: patellar ligament, cruciate ligaments,
menisci, type of the joint, movements.
Interosseous membrane.
Ankle (talocrural) joint: structural components, type of the joint, movements.
Joints of the foot. Subtalar joint, talocalcaneonavicular joint, calcaneocuboid joint: structural
components, movements. Tarsometatarsal joints, metatarsophalangeal joints, interphalangeal
joints: structural components, movements. Arches of the foot.
4. Bones of the skull
Content. Frontal bone: squamous, orbital and nasal parts, frontal sinus, lacrimal gland fossa.
Parietal bone.
Occipital bone: basilar, lateral and squamous parts, foramen magnum, condyles, hypoglossal
canal, jugular notch, internal and external occipital protuberances, grooves for transverse and
sigmoid sinuses.
Sphenoid bone: body, sella turcica, chiasmatic groove, hypophyseal fossa, dorsum sellae, sphenoid
sinus, sphenoid apertures, lesser and greater wings, optic canal, rounded, oval and spinous
openings, pterygoid processes, pterygoid canal.
Temporal bone: petrous part, mastoid process (petromastoid part), facial, and carotid canals,
grooves and hiatus for the greater and lesser petrosal nerves, trigeminal impression, jugular and
lacerum openings, internal acoustic opening and meatus, styloid process, tympanic part, external
acoustic opening and meatus, squamous part, zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, stylomastoid
opening.
Ethmoid bone: cribriform, perpendicular and orbital plates, labyrinth, cells, superior and middle
conchae.
Upper jaw- maxilla: body, tuber, sinus, orbital surface, infraorbital sulcus, canal and opening,
frontal, zygomatic, palatine and alveolar processes, alveolar sockets.
Palatine bone: perpendicular and horizontal laminas, greater palatine opening.
Lower jaw- mandible: body, rami, angle, opening, canal, coronal and articular processes, headcondyle, neck, mental opening, alveolar part, alveolar sockets.
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Inferior nasal concha. Zygomatic bone. Nasal bone. Lacrimal bone. Vomer.
5. Junctions of the skull. Skull as whole
Content.
Joints of the skull bones. Sutures, types and location. Gomphosis. Temporomandibular joint,
structural components, adnexa, movements. Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints, structural
components and movements.
Facial part of the skull and neurocranium. Parts of the neurocranium: base and vault, boundaries.
External base of the skull: parts, osseous palate, canals, fossae, apertures.
Internal base of the skull: anterior, middle, and posterior fossae, boundaries, canals, apertures,
fissures.
Pterygopalatine fossa: skeletal framework, gateways.
Temporal and infratemporal fossae.
Orbit. Skeletal framework: superior, inferior, medial, and lateral walls Orbital rim, optic canal,
superior and inferior orbital fissures, lacrimal fossa, lacrimal groove (fossa), infraorbital groove,
naso-lacrimal canal.
Nasal cavity. Anterior opening, choanae. Skeletal framework of the nasal cavity- superior, inferior,
and lateral walls, septum. Superior, middle, inferior, common nasal meatuses and sphenoethmoidal
recess. Sphenopalatine foramen. Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinus, their sites of
drainage.
6. Muscles of the trunk
Content. Back muscles, groups, location, and functions.
Extrinsic muscles: trapezoid, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor
muscles, serratus superior and inferior muscles.
Intrinsic back (long) muscles: erector spinae and splenius. Group of the short intrinsic muscles.
Thorax muscles, groups, location, functions.
Extrinsic muscles: pectoral major and minor, anterior serratus muscles.
Intrinsic muscles: external and internal intercostal muscles. Diaphragm: sternal, costal and lumbar
parts, central tendon, triangular areas, aortic, oesophageal and vena caval apertures.
Muscles of the abdomen: groups, location, functions.
Anterior group: rectus abdominis muscle.
Lateral group: external and internal oblique and transversus muscles.
Posterior group: quadratus lumborum muscle.
Abdominal press.
Linea alba. Anulus umbilicus.
Inguinal canal, boundaries, and openings or rings.
8. Muscles of the head and neck
Content. Muscles of the face, groups, location, functions. Craniofacial muscles, groups, location,
functions. Occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, depressor anguli oris, levator labii
superioris, depressor labii inferioris, levator anguli oris, buccinator.
Masticatory muscles: masseter, temporal, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles.
Muscles of the neck. Superficial neck muscles: platysma and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Suprahyoid muscles: mmylohyoid, digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid muscles.
Infrahyoid muscles: omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid muscles.
Deep muscles of the neck. Lateral group: anterior, middle, posterior scaleni muscles. Medial
group: longus colli, longus capitis, anterior and lateralis rectus muscles. Interscalene triangle.
Carotid triangle. Fascia of the neck.
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8. Muscles of the upper limb
Content. Upper limb muscles: groups, location, functions.
Muscles of the shoulder girdle: deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major and minor,
subscapular muscles.
Anterior group of the arm muscles: biceps brachii, coracobrachial and brachial muscles.
Posterior group of the arm: triceps brachii muscle.
Anterior group of the forearm: superficial muscles: flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres, palmaris
longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi ulnaris muscles; deep muscles: flexor digitorum
profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus muscles.
Posterior group of the forearm muscles: superficial muscles: brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis
longus and brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris; deep
muscles: supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus and brevis, extensor indicis.
Hand muscles: thenar, hypothenar and middle group.
Axillary cavity: boundaries, walls, triangular and quadrangular spaces. Radial nerve canal. Cubital
fossa. Retinacula. Palmar aponeurosis. Carpal canal.
9. Muscles of the lower limb
Content. Muscles of the lower limb: groups, location, functions.
Gluteal muscles: superficial: gluteus minimus, medius, and maximus, obturator externus; deep
muscles: iliopsoas, piriformis, obturator internus.
Anterior compartment of the femur: sartorius and quadriceps femoris muscle.
Posterior compartment of the femur (hamstrings): biceps femoris, semitendinosus and
semimembranosus muscles.
Medial compartment: pectineus, long, short and magnus adductor, gracilis muscles.
Anterior compartment of the leg: anterior tibialis, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis
longus muscles.
Posterior compartment of the leg: superficial: triceps surae (soleus, gastrocnemius) muscles.
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. Deep: tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis
longus muscles.
Lateral compartment: fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis muscles.
Muscles of the foot: dorsal group; plantar group: lateral, middle and medial muscles. Retinacula.
Fascia lata. Greater sciatic foramen above and below of the piriform muscle: suprapiriform and
infrapiriform openings. Gap between inguinal ligament and hip bone: lacuna vasorum and
musculorum. Obturator and adductor canals, popliteal fossa.
10.
Colloquium
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