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BIO 238
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sagittal suture
PARIETAL
BONE
(left)
PARIETAL
BONE
(right)
Lambdoid
suture
OCCIPITAL
BONE
Squamous
suture
TEMPORAL BONE
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Occipital condyle
External occipital
protuberance
MANDIBLE
Posterior view
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
OCCIPITAL BONE
Lambdoid
suture
PARIETAL
BONE
(right)
PARIETAL
BONE
(left)
Sagittal
suture
Coronal
suture
FRONTAL BONE
ZYGOMATIC
BONE
NASAL BONES
Superior view
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Coronal suture
FRONTAL
BONE
PARIETAL
BONE
SPHENOID
Supra-orbital foramen
Squamous suture
TEMPORAL
BONE
NASAL BONE
LACRIMAL BONE
Squamous part of
temporal bone
Lambdoid suture
External acoustic
meatus
ETHMOID
Infra-orbital foramen
MAXILLA
ZYGOMATIC BONE
OCCIPITAL
BONE
Mastoid process
Zygomatic
arch
Styloid process
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
MANDIBLE
Lateral view
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Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Coronal suture
PARIETAL BONE
FRONTAL BONE
SPHENOID
TEMPORAL BONE
Supra-orbital foramen
ETHMOID
PALATINE BONE
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
LACRIMAL BONE
Inferior orbital fissure
Temporal process of
zygomatic bone
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Mastoid process of
temporal bone
Infra-orbital foramen
NASAL BONE
Middle nasal concha
(part of ethmoid)
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid
Bony nasal
VOMER
septum
MAXILLA
INFERIOR
NASAL CONCHA
MANDIBLE
Mental foramen
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Mental protuberance
Anterior view
FRONTAL BONE
MAXILLA
ZYGOMATIC BONE
VOMER
SPHENOID
PALATINE BONE
Foreman ovale
Zygomatic arch
Medial and lateral
pterygoid processes
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
TEMPORAL BONE
External
acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Jugular foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
Lambdoid suture
Occipital condyle
OCCIPITAL BONE
External occipital
protuberance
Foramen magnum
Inferior view
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FRONTAL BONE
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
ETHMOID
Sella turcica
Foramen rotundum
Foramen lacerum
SPHENOID
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
TEMPORAL BONE
Carotid canal
Foramen
magnum
PARIETAL BONE
Internal occipital crest
Internal
acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
OCCIPITAL BONE
Superior view of a horizontal section through the skull, showing the
floor of the cranial cavity.
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Hypoglossal
canal
Occipital
condyle
Foramen
magnum
Inferior
nuchal line
External
occipital
protuberance
External
occipital
crest
Superior
nuchal
line
Occipital bone, inferior view
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Superior
temporal line
Inferior
temporal line
Right parietal bone, lateral view
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Frontal
(metopic)
suture
Frontal squama
Superior
temporal line
Supra-orbital
margin
Supra-orbital
notch
Anterior surface
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Squamous
part
Mandibular
fossa
External
acoustic meatus
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Lateral view of the
right temporal bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Zygomatic
process
Superior Sphenoidal
sinus
orbital fissure
Greater
wing
Lesser
wing
Orbital
surface
Body
Foramen
rotundum
Pterygoid
process
Pterygoid
plates
Anterior surface
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Orbital
rim
Infra-orbital
foramen
Alveolar
process
Zygomatic
process
An anterolateral view of the
right maxilla.
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Anterior
nasal
spine
Supra-orbital foramen
NASAL BONE
SPHENOID
TEMPORAL BONE
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Infra-orbital foramen
MAXILLA
Perpendicular plate VOMER
of ethmoid
Bony nasal septum
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Articular surface for
temporomandibular
joint
Coronoid process
Teeth
Mandibular
notch
Alveolar process
Head
Ramus
Condylar process
Body
Mental
protuberance
Mental foramen
Angle
A lateral and slightly superior
view of the mandible
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
An anterior view of the hyoid bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
*
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
* Sternocleidomastoid
(SCM)
* O-Sternal head: manubrium of sternum ; Clavicular
head: medial 1/3 of clavicle
* I- Mastoid process, lateral portion of superior nuchal
line of occiput
* A-Bilaterally--flexion of neck; Unilaterally--lateral
flexion of head and neck to same side and rotation
of head to opposite side
* N-Spinal accessory nerve (Cranial nerve XI)
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 11-4a Muscles of Facial Expression
Epicranial aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Procerus
Orbicularis oculi
Temporalis
Nasalis
Levator labii superioris
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Zygomaticus minor
Masseter
Levator anguli oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus major
Sternocleidomastoid
Mentalis (cut)
Orbicularis oris
Trapezius
Depressor labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Omohyoid
Platysma (cut and reflected)
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Lateral view
* All do the same basic actions:
* Unilaterally rotates head and neck to opposite side,
with the ribs fixed laterally flex the head and neck
to the same side
* Bilaterally--rasies 1st two ribs during forced
inspiration or head and neck flexion
*
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* Anterior Scalene
* O- Transverse processes of third through 6th cervical vertebrae
* I- First rib
* N- Cervical and brachial plexuses
* Middle Scalene
* O- Transverse processes of second through 7th cervical vertebrae
* I- First rib
* N- Cervical and brachial plexuses
* Posterior Scalenes
* O- Transverse processes C5 and C6
* I- Second rib
* N- C6 - C8 Nerves
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Figure 11-11a Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm
Scalenes
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Anterior view,
cervical region
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
* Masseter
* O- Zygomatic arch
* I- Angle and ramus of Mandible
* A- Elevate the mandible
* N- Cranial nerve V- Mandibular branch
* Temporalis
* O- Temporal fossa and fascia
* I- Mandible--coronoid process
* A- Elevate and retract the mandible
* N-Temporal branches of cranial nerve V
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Figure 11-6a Muscles of Mastication
Superior temporal line
Temporalis
Capsule of
temporomandibular joint
Zygomatic
arch
Masseter
Lateral view. The temporalis muscle passes
medial to the zygomatic arch to insert on the
coronoid process of the mandible. The
masseter inserts on the angle and lateral
surface of the mandible.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
* Suprahyoids
* O- Underside of mandible, styloid process
* I- Hyoid bone
* A- Elevate hyoid and tongue, depress mandible
* N- Hypoglossal, mylohyoid, facial
* Digastrics
* O- Mastoid process
* I- Inferior border of mandible
* A- Depresses mandible if hyoid is fixed, elevates the hyoid if
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mandible is fixed, retracts the mandible
N- Mylohyoid and facial
*
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* Infrahyoids
* O- Thyroid cartridge, top of manubrium, superior
border of scapula
* I- Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
* A- Depress the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
* N- Upper Cervical
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Figure 11-9a Muscles of the Anterior Neck
Mylohyoid
(cut and
reflected)
Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid
Mandible
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Anterior belly
Posterior belly
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid (cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of larynx
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Superior belly
Inferior belly
Sternohyoid
Clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid
Clavicular head
Sternal head
Cut heads of
sternocleidomastoid
Sternum
Anterior view
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* Platysma
* O-Fascia covering superior part of pectoralis major
* I- Base of Mandible, skin of lower part of face
* A- Assist in depression of the mandible, tighten the
fascia of the neck
* N- Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve)
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 11-4b Muscles of Facial Expression
Epicranial aponeurosis
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Corrugator supercilii
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Temporalis
Temporalis (temporoparietalis
removed)
Orbicularis oculi
Procerus
Nasalis
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus minor
Levator anguli oris
Zygomaticus major
Orbicularis oris
Risorius
Platysma
Masseter
Buccinator
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid
Mentalis (cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx
Trapezius
Clavicle
Platysma
(cut and
reflected)
Anterior view
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* Frontalis
* O- Galea aponeurotica
* I- Skin & fascia of eyebrows
* A- Raises eyebrows and wrinkle forehead
* N- Cranial nerve VII (Facial N.)
* Occipitalis
* O- Galea aponeurotica
* I- Superior nuchal line of occipital bone
* A- Anchor and retract the galea posteriorly, Moves scalp
* N-Cranial nerve VII (Facial N.)
*
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
*
Figure 11-4a Muscles of Facial Expression
Epicranial aponeurosis
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Procerus
Orbicularis oculi
Temporalis
Nasalis
Levator labii superioris
Occipital belly of
occipitofrontalis
Zygomaticus minor
Masseter
Levator anguli oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus major
Sternocleidomastoid
Mentalis (cut)
Orbicularis oris
Trapezius
Depressor labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Omohyoid
Platysma (cut and reflected)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lateral view
* Medial Pterygoid
* O-Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone and
tuberosity of maxilla
* I- Medial surface of ramus of the Mandible
* A- Bilaterally- Elevates and protract the mandible; Unilaterally-lateral
jaw motion to opposite side
* N-Cranial nerve V (Mandibular)
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*
* Lateral Pterygoid
* O-Superior head: infratemporal surface and crest of greater wing
of sphenoid bone Inferior head: lateral surface of lateral
pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
* I- Articular disc and capsule of Temporomandibular joint, neck of
mandible
* A- Bilateral--protracts jaw; Unilaterally---lateral jaw motion to
opposite side
* N- Cranial nerve V
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Figure 11-6b Muscles of Mastication
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Cut edge of mandible
Lateral view, pterygoid muscles
exposed. The location and orientation of
the pterygoid muscles can be seen after
the overlying muscles, along with a
portion of the mandible, are removed.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
* Longus Capitis
* O-Transverse processes of C3 through C6
* I- Inferior surface of occiput
* A- Unilaterally: lateral flexion of head and neck to same side;
bilaterally: rotate of head and neck
* N- Ventral rami of C1 to C4
* Longus Colli
* O- bodies of C5 through T3, transverse processes of C3 through C5
* I- Tubercle on anterior arch of the atlas; bodies of the axis, C3 and
C4; transverse processes of C5 and C6
* A-Unilaterally: lateral flexion of head and neck to same side;
Bilaterally: rotate of head and neck
* N-ventral rami of C1 to C7
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 11-10 Muscles of the Vertebral Column
Erector Spinae,
Deep Layer
Intervertebral Muscles,
Posterior View
Spinal Flexors
Quadratus lumborum
Rotatores
Intertransversarii
Flexors of the Anterior
Cervical and Thoracic
Spine
Longus
capitis
Spinous
process
of
vertebra
Thoracodorsal
fascia
Posterior view
Interspinales
Transverse
process of
vertebra
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Longus
colli
* Temporoparietalis
* O- Temporal fascia above ear
* I- Epicranial aponeurosis
* A-Fixes galeal aponeurosis, tightens scalp
* N-Temporal branch of cranial nerve VII
* Procerus
* O- Nose
* I- Skin between eyebrows
* A-Wrinkes nose skin
* N-Temporal branch of cranial nerve VII
*
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* Nasalis
* O- Maxilla
* I- Nose
* A-Dilates nasal openings & compresses nasal cartilage
* N-Cranial nerve VII
* Orbicularis occuli
* O- Medial margin of orbit
* I- Skin of eyelid
* A-Closes eyelid
* N-Temporal and zygomatic branches of cranial nerve
VII
*
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* Zygomatic major
* O- Zygomatic bone
* I- Angle of mouth
* A-Retract and elevate corner of mouth
* N-Buccal branch of cranial nerve VII
* Zygomatic minor
* O- Zygomatic bone
* I- Upper lip
* A-Retract and elevate corner of mouth
* N-Buccal branch of cranial nerve VII
*
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* Levator labii superiorus
* O- Lower margin of orbit
* I- Orbicularis oris muscle
* A-Elevate upper lip
* N-Buccal branch of cranial nerve VII
* Risorius
* O- Fascia around parotid salivary gland
* I- Angle of mouth
* A-Draws corner of mouth to side
* N-Buccal branch of cranial nerve VII
*
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* Depressor anguli oris
* O- Anterior lateral surface of mandible
* I- Skin at angle of mouth
* A-Draws corner of mouth down
* N-Mandibular branch of cranial nerve VII
* Orbicularis Oris
* O- Near midline on anterior surface of maxilla and
mandible
* I- Skin around lips
* A- Narrows orifice of mouth, purses lips and puckers lip
edges
* N- Facial Nerve
*
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* Buccinator
* O- From the alveolar processes of the maxillary
bone and mandible, temporomandibular joint
* I- In the fibers of the orbicularis oris
* A- Compresses the cheeks against the teeth and is
used in acts such as blowing.
* N- facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)
*
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
*
Figure 11-4b Muscles of Facial Expression
Epicranial aponeurosis
Frontal belly of
occipitofrontalis
Corrugator supercilii
Temporoparietalis
(cut and reflected)
Temporalis
Temporalis (temporoparietalis
removed)
Orbicularis oculi
Procerus
Nasalis
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus minor
Levator anguli oris
Zygomaticus major
Orbicularis oris
Risorius
Platysma
Masseter
Buccinator
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Sternal head of
sternocleidomastoid
Clavicular head of
sternocleidomastoid
Mentalis (cut)
Thyroid cartilage
of the larynx
Trapezius
Clavicle
Platysma
(cut and
reflected)
Anterior view
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.