Download Early detection of bovine respiratory disease (BRD)

Early detection of
bovine respiratory disease (BRD)
in feedlot cattle: why and how?
Dr. E. Timsit DVM, PhD, Dip. ECBHM
Dr. S. Assié, DVM, PhD, Dip. ECBHM
Introduction
• Heifer, 28 days after arrival (i.e. days on feed)
• Found dead in pen, treated once the day before
Introduction
• Fatal fibrinous pneumonia (M. haemolytica)
Detected and treated too late!
Outline
1. Why is an early detection of BRD crucial?
2. How to early detect BRD?
Why early detect BRD?
Early BRD detection
Early antibiotic treatment in the
disease process
• Avoid irreversible pulmonary lesions
• Prevent emergence of antibiotic resistances
• Maximize antibiotic action
- Maximize clinical and bacterial cure
- Limit BRD impact on performances
Why early detect BRD?
Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
Mycoplasma Bovis
Histophilus somni
(Griffin et al.,2010)
M. haemolytica
Commensal organisms
Why early detect BRD?
Viral infection, stress
and/or suboptimal
environment
Proliferation of bacteria in the
nasopharynx
Bacteria gain access to the
lung via aerosolized droplets
Adherence, colonization and
replication in the lung
Tissue destruction and inflammation
Bacterial pleuro/broncho-pneumonia
Why early detect BRD?
Evolution of the disease process
When bacteria colonize and replicate:
1) Secretion of enzymes and
toxins
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS),
Leukotoxins (LKT),
Lipoolysaccharide (LOS), etc.
Lung damage
Inflammation
Inflammation can lead to
tissue damage
(Panciera et al., 2010)
Why early detect BRD?
When bacteria replicate:
2) Emergence of bacterial resistances
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Antibiotic-sensitive bacteria
Time-lag before treatment
(Lipsitch & Levin, 1997; Ferran et al., 2011)
Total bacterial population > mutational frequency to resistance (10-6 to 10-8)
=> Presence of resistant population very likely (before any treatment)
Why early detect BRD?
When bacteria replicate:
2) Larger bacterial inoculum
Time-lag before treatment
(Ferran et al., 2011)
Higher dose of antibiotic required to eradicate the bacterial inoculum
Early treatment = lower dose of antibiotic needed
Why early detect BRD?
When pulmonary lesions and atelectasia => reduced antibiotic distribution
Normal blood flow
alveolar hypoxia
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
reduced blood flow
Reduced antibiotic distribution
Obstruction
Normal blood flow
Early treatment = few (or no) obstructions  Increased antibiotic action
Why early detect BRD?
Study of Ferran et al. (2011)
Experimental lung
infection (P. multocida)
Control group
Euthanasia (48 h)
Early treatment
group
Late treatment
group
Antibiotic treatment
10 h post-infection
Euthanasia (48 h)
Antibiotic treatment
32 h post-infection
Euthanasia (70 h)
Why early detect BRD?
Study of Ferran et al. (2011)
Control group
Late treatment
group
Early treatment
group
% of mice with P. multocida
93% (26/28)
36% (5/14)
0% (0/14)
% of surviving mice
64% (18/28)
71% (10/14)
100% (14/14)
% of lungs with resistant bacteria
33% (6/18)
10% (1/10)
0% (0/13)
Early antibiotic treatment:
Better bacterial and clinical outcomes
Less frequent selection of resistant bacteria
Why early detect BRD?
Study of Assié et al. (unpublished data)
“Early” BRD treatment
Study design
30 young bulls
BRD detection:
Use of rumen
temperature boluses
Cefquinom 2.5 mg/kg once
“Late” BRD treatment
30 young bulls
BRD detection:
Distant examination
if BRD signs: rectal temperature
Cefquinom 2.5 mg/kg twice
Preliminary results (30 YB in each group)
Treated animals: 22
Relapse:
6 (27%)
Global antibiotic consumption:
22*2.5 mg/Kg = 55 mg/Kg
Treated animals:
13
Relapse:
4 (30%)
Global antibiotic consumption:
26*2.5 mg/Kg = 65 mg/Kg
Why early detect BRD?
In summary:
• To avoid irreversible pulmonary lesions
• To prevent emergence of antibiotic resistances
• To maximize antibiotic action
- Maximize clinical and bacterial cure
- Limit BRD impact on performances
Outline
1. Why is an early detection of BRD crucial?
2. How to early detect BRD?
How to early detect BRD?
• How are cattle with BRD detected?
– Distant examination
• Owner and/or staff
• Once or twice daily
– Detection of clinical signs
•
•
•
•
Depression
Anorexia/dysorexia
Increased respiratory rate
Lacrimal and nasal
discharges, cough, etc.
(Duff & Gaylean, 2006)
How to early detect BRD?
• Does distant examination enable an early BRD
detection? Answer: No
Study of Timsit et al. (2011a)
Rumen temperature bolus
How to early detect BRD?
Solution: By using automatic health-monitoring systems
Growsafe®
Schaefer®
B) Changes in feeding behavior
=> Growsafe system, ENGS system
A) Changes in body temperature
 rumen T°C boluses, IRT, ear mounted
thermometers
C) Changes in physical activity
=> pedometers, accelerometers
How to early detect BRD?
A) Monitoring body temperature to early detect BRD
Fever occurs very early in the disease process (within hours)
BRD Treatment (0 h)
(Fajt et al., 2004)
Experimental infection of 3 heifers (181±19 kg) with M. haemolytica (-21 h)
How to early detect BRD?
A) Monitoring body temperature to early detect BRD
Study of Timsit et al. (2011b)
Drinking
Treatment
Fever episode
Rumen temperature of a feeder bull
BRD affected animals detected 12 to 177 h (mean = 51h)
prior to BRD treatment
How to early detect BRD?
A) Monitoring body temperature to early detect BRD
Study of Schafer et al. (2007 & 2012)
BRD affected animals detected 4 to 6 days prior
to the onset of clinical symptoms of BRD
How to early detect BRD?
A) Monitoring body temperature to early detect BRD
Study of McCorkell et al., accepted
Fever Tags® (old version)
Promising tools
Cheap <15€
But low sensitivity (21/46 = 46%)
• Inadequate probe
placement
• Probe displacement
• High threshold for activation
New version with adjustable probe size and activation threshold
“Fever Alert” distributed by Merck Animal Health (France)
need to be evaluated
How to early detect BRD?
Solution: By using automatic health-monitoring systems
Growsafe®
Schaefer®
B) Changes in feeding behavior
=> Growsafe system, ENGS system
A) Changes in body temperature
 rumen T°C boluses, IRT, ear mounted
thermometers
Yes
How to early detect BRD?
B) Monitoring feeding behavior
Study of Sowell et al. (1999)
Growsafe®
(Sowell et al., 1998)
Diseased feedlot cattle spent on average 30% less time at the feed
bunk than healthy cattle (46 min/day versus 60 min/day)
How to early detect BRD?
B) Monitoring feeding behavior
Study of Quimby et al. (2001)
Growsafe®
Decreased frequency and duration of feed bunk visit
 Detected as sick by the Cusum test
Diseased cattle detected on average 4.1 days earlier than pen checker
How to early detect BRD?
Solution: By using automatic health-monitoring systems
Growsafe®
Schaefer®
B) Changes in feeding behavior
=> Growsafe system, ENGS system
Yes
A) Changes in body temperature
 rumen T°C boluses, IRT, ear mounted
thermometers
Yes
C) Changes in physical activity
=> pedometers, accelerometers
How to early detect BRD?
C) Monitoring physical activity
Study of Hanzlicek et al. (2010)
M. Haemolytica infection
Experimental infection of 14 steers
(199 kg) with M. haemolytica
How to early detect BRD?
C) Monitoring physical activity
Study of White et al. (2012)
<10% consolidated
lung tissue
M. bovis infection
>10% consolidated
lung tissue
Experimental infection of 20 Holstein
calves (5-9 week old) with M. bovis
How to early detect BRD?
Solution: By using automatic health-monitoring systems
Growsafe®
Schaefer®
B) Changes in feeding behavior
=> Growsafe system, ENGS system
Yes
A) Changes in body temperature
 rumen T°C boluses, IRT, ear mounted
thermometers
Yes
C) Changes in physical activity
=> pedometers, accelerometers
Yes
How to early detect BRD?
• Why are health-monitoring systems not currently
used in feedlots?
1st explanation = costs $$$
•
•
•
Rumen temperature bolus = $35-100
Infrared camera = $7000
Growsafe system = $25 per head
Costs are decreasing rapidly!
2nd explanation = low specificity!
•
Numerous “false-positive” detection
How to early detect BRD?
• Lack of specificity of fever and abnormal feeding behavior:
1) Study of Timsit et al. (2011b)
Up to 75% of the fever episode detected by rumen T°C bolus lasted less
than 47 hours without any treatment
=> viral infection only? Successful immune response? Hyperthermia?
Vaccination?
2) Study of Wolfger et al. (2012)
Pulling cattle only based on abnormal feeding behavior during the first
weeks on feed could lead to pull as much as 90% of the healthy animals
=> Adaptation to the bunk?
How can the specificity of fever and anorexia/dysorexia be improved?
How to early detect BRD?
• How to improve specificity of fever?
– by taking into consideration the duration of fever
75% of fever episodes lasting longer
than 48 hrs led to clinical BRD
100%
90%
80%
48 hrs was also proposed by
Radostits et al., 2010
70%
60%
50%
40%
Recommendations: treat cattle with fever
48 hrs after onset (if no other signs)
30%
20%
10%
0%
0 to 24 h
n=45
No BRD signs
BRD signs and treatment
24 to 48 h
n=29
>48h
n=21
(Timsit and Assié, personal communication)
How to early detect BRD?
• How to improve specificity of fever and abnormal
feeding behavior?
– by combining this parameters (i.e. series testing)
+
Pull and treat only cattle having concomitantly fever and
anorexia/dysorexia
How to early detect BRD?
On-going study (Timsit and Booker)
Objective
• To describe the changes in body temperature,
feeding behavior and physical activity associated
with BRD
Materials and methods
• 560 steers studied during first 50 DOF
• Simultaneous monitoring of body temperature,
feeding behavior and physical activity
How to early detect BRD?
On-going study (Timsit and Booker)
Preliminary data (n = 12 sick animals)
Treatment
Treatment
Steer n°9569
Steer n°9569
• Fever (n =12): onset = 2 to 9 d before detection/treatment; med = 4 d
• Anorexia/dysorexia (n = 9): onset = 0 to 3 d after fever; med = 2 d
• Decreased activity (n =8): onset = 0 to 3 d after fever; med = 2 d
Take home message
• Early BRD detection i) limits impact of BRD on
performance, ii) maximizes clinical and bacterial
cure and iii) reduces emergence of bacterial
resistances
• Distant examination alone cannot enable an
early BRD detection
• Health monitoring systems can enable an early
BRD detection but further research is needed
and is performed already!
Thank you very much for your attention!
Source: Dr. Eugene Janzen
Literature cited
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