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SFR 457/557: Topic 4 - Tree Pests and Disease: Infectious Disease page SFR 457/557 Tree Pests and Disease Topic 4 Principles for Studying Infectious Diseases (Edmonds et al. 2011 p. 199-211) I. Define A. B. C. II. Infection 1. Parasite 2. Host 3. Infection Microbial parasites 1. Fungi 2. Bacteria 3. Phytoplasmas 4. Viruses Infectious disease The Pathogen Cycle (Disease Cycle). A. Latent period. 1. Infection period a) Inoculation (i) Propagules - (ii) Portal of entry - b) Penetration. c) Establishment - 1 SFR 457/557: Topic 4 - Tree Pests and Disease: Infectious Disease page 2. Incubation period – colonization 3. Symptom expression - B. Infectious period - C. Dissemination. 1. III. Vector. D. Virulence (pathogenicity) of microorganisms. E. Tree Resistance 1. Dependent on genes - 2. Has energy (vigor) - Disease complex specific to infectious disease. A. Components of disease complex (disease triangle). 1. 2. Pathogen(s): a) Latin name. b) Life cycle. (i) Vegetative - (ii) Reproductive - (iii) Disease products Diseased host(s). a) Susceptible species: b) Symptoms: (i) Necrotic (a) Leaf necrosis. (b) Tip dieback. (c) Stem cankers. (d) Vascular wilts. 2 SFR 457/557: Topic 4 - Tree Pests and Disease: Infectious Disease page (e) Root diseases. (f) Mortality. (ii) Hypoplastic (a) Energy drain. (b) Chlorosis. (iii) c) 3. IV. Hyperplastic - . (a) Galls. (b) Witch’s broom. Diseased functions: Distribution. Koch's postulates - establish if an organism is a pathogen. A. Isolate from diseased tissue only. B. Inoculate. C. Symptoms. D. Re-isolate. 3 SFR 457/557: Topic 4 - Tree Pests and Disease: Infectious Disease page V. VI. Control A. Pathogen population dynamics B. Options 1. Silvicultural - 2. Biological - 3. Breeding - 4. Legal - 5. Chemical - 6. Mechanical - Sanitation - n 7. Do nothing Associations Among Organisms - Symbiosis. A. Interactions involving two species. 1. 2. B. Parasitic a) Biotrophic - b) Necrotrophic - Saprophytic - Balance of interaction 1. Mutualistic 4 SFR 457/557: Topic 4 - Tree Pests and Disease: Infectious Disease page C. 2. Commensalistic. 3. Pathogenic. Facultative or obligate. 1. 2. VII. Facultative a) Interaction can vary b) Sometimes saprophytic c) Sometimes pathogenic Obligate - Terminology. Biological control Biotrophic Breeding Chemical Control Commensalistic Disease Cycle Disease Triangle (Pyramid) Dissemination Establishment Etiology Facultative Hyperplastic Hypertrophic Hypoplastic Incubation period Infection period Infectious period Inoculation Inoculum IPM Koch's postulates Latent period Legal Control Mechanical Control Mutualistic Necrotic Necrotrophic Obligate Parasitic Pathogen Cycle Pathogenicity Penetration Quarantines Resistance Saprophytic Signs Silvicultural control Susceptible Symbiosis Symptoms Vector. Virulence 5