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A unique legacy: 2500 ago Greeks began on rock bound peninsula Greek basic of our American language One out of every 8 words in English especially in science and technology has a Greek base. Taught western man how to reason and think Aegean world and outdoor life: Indo European Caucasian migrated to Balkan Peninsula Traded Grains oil and wine with the near east. Drawn to the sea Spend most of the day outside: Working, Market, theatre, gym No body lived more than 50 from the ocean Minoans: Started on Crete before 4500 BCE Palace of Knossus ruled by kings :most famous being Minos Powerful from 2500 to 1500 BCE 1800- 1900 Sr. Arthur Evens found modern plumbing Minoans age ended abruptly due to volcano explosion, earthquake or foreign invaders. Heroic Age – Trojan War 2000 B.C. Mycenaean moved to mainland Greece settling near Mycenae . They dominated Greek history for 700 year. Mycenaean built a flourishing civilization built great halls, enjoyed thriving sea trade Warrior – kings successful of plunder 1290 B.C. Mycenaean’s and the Achaeans joined forces to fight against Troy, call Ilim in that day. Paris kidnapped Helen of Sparta this event started the Trojan War. Homer wrote about it 300-500 years after the events in his poem the Iliad. He also wrote the Odyssey which tells about Ulysses adventures on his way home from the Trojan war. Rise of Polis/ Seeds of democracy. 750 B.C. E new era City State called Poleis. Use to keep order in ancient Greece Polis like Athens or Sparta city and the surrounding countryside measuring from 50 – 500 square miles. Poleis allowed for individual males participation based on how small they were and usually voting after and open debate. War in heroic age had many Greeks fight to defend their polis, leading citizen to demand a bigger voice in government. This lead to revolts and tyrants who were ambitious aristocrats fighting for a bigger voice in government. These aristocrats established colonies all over Mediterranean sea who ere loyal to the mother city sate. Coming of Athens By the early 6th century B.C. Athens and Sparta were the leading city- States in Greece Road to democracy took years going through tyrants and many revolts. Athens went through years of aristocrats and tyrants until 508 B.C.E. reforms were made leading to almost a full democracy: Athenian assembly (Ekklesia); Council of 500 whose job was to propose laws and advise the assembly members chosen randomly Introduces ostracism which is a method of banishing citizens who were dangerous to the polis Sparta iron way War like inhabitants enslaving the local population called helots Spartan life was more like a boot camp Boys age 7 – 21 were trained to be Greeks great warrior Making fierce warriors was their main goal not other great achievements like Athens. Persian Threat Persian empire attacked Greeks between 500-480 B.C.E Their first battle on plains of Marathon, Greeks won, Persians retreated. Greeks sent runner from Marathon to the city of Athens to tell of the victory. It was 26 miles from Marathon to Athens is why we have a 26 mile marathon today. Persian’s attacked Athens second time ten years later. Greeks not prepared. Sent 300 Spartan’s to slow down the Persians while people retreated to islands called Salamis. Persians burned city of Athens and Greek king lost power. One year later Plataea Greeks were victorious and stopped the Persians for the last time. Athenian Greatness/ Drama/ Philosophy Athens rebuilt after the Persian’s under Pericles took over 50 years from 480-430 BCE. Built huge temples and public buildings; the most famous is the Parthenon on the Acropolis Art specifically sculpture glorified the human figure; it valued symmetry, order, balance, and elegance. Greeks invented it but Athenians perfected it. Drama’s were a part of civic pride; people were paid obols for attending plays. Wrote plays about universal human behavior’s in both tragedies and comedies. Philosophy a common interest in Greece; learned from masters Plato, Aristotle and Socrates extending to history, mathematics and science. Philosophers constantly questioned the world around them; they sought to understand truth; philosophy lovers of wisdom. Civil War/Alexander the Great / The Hellenistic Era Greek against Greek conflict exploded in 431 B.C.E. Athens and Sparta fought as Sparta became jealous of Athens power and prestige. Both gained allied from other Greeks and soon all Greece was involved in the Peloponnesian war. This war lasted for 27 years with Sparta defeating Athens. Even in defeat Athens remained a cultural center. Phillip II father of Alexander were Macedonian, they wanted to takeover and unify Greece around 335B.C.E. Alexander was a military genius, taught by Aristotle. Between 334-332 B.C.E. he conquered worlds largest empire uniting Greeks and Macedonian. Died at 33 in Babylon with no successor. Hellenistic Era developed in Greece. Mixing of Persian Egyptian Indian and Greek culture began in this time with clothing and religion. Philosophers , mathematician and scientist became more advanced influencing all the world