Download UNIT 2 ECOLOGY OUTLINE CHAPTER 3: THE BIOSPHERE

UNIT 2
ECOLOGY
OUTLINE
CHAPTER 3: THE BIOSPHERE
Section 3.1: What is Ecology?
- Investigating Our Living Planet
o Biosphere
o “Ecology”
o Ecological Levels of Organization
 Individual Organisms
 Population
 Community
 Ecosystem
 Biome
 Biosphere
- Biotic and Abiotic Factors
o Biotic Factor
o Abiotic Factor
Section 3.2: Energy, Producers, and Consumers
- Primary Producers
o Autotrophs
o Primary Producers
o Photosynthesis
- Consumers
o Heterotrophs
o Consumers
 Carnivores
 Herbivores
 Omnivores
 Decomposers
 Detritivores
Section 3.3: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
- Food Chains and Food Webs
o Food Chains
 Phytoplankton
o Food Webs
 Role of Decomposers
- Analyzing Energy and Matter Flow Through Trophic Levels
o Trophic Level
o Ecological Pyramids
 Energy Pyramid
 10% Rule
 Biomass Pyramid
 Biomass
 Numbers Pyramid
Section 3.4: Cycle of Matter
- Recycling in the Biosphere
o Biogeochemical Cycles
o Biological Processes
o Geological Processes
o Chemical and Physical Processes
o Human Activity
- Nutrient Cycles
o Nutrient
o The Carbon Cycle
o The Nitrogen Cycle
 Nitrogen Fixation
 Denitrification
CHAPTER 4: ECOSYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES
Section 4.1: Climate
- Weather and Climate
o Weather
o Climate
- Factors That Affect Climate
o Local Climate
o Global Climate
o Greenhouse Effect
o Latitude and Solar Energy
o Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Section 4.2: Niches and Community Interactions
- The Niche
o Tolerance
o Habitat
o Niche
 Physical External Factors
 Biological External Factors
 Resources
- Competition
o Competitive Exclusion Principle
o Dividing Resources
- Predation, Herbivory, and Keystone Species
o Predator-Prey Relationships
o Herbivore-Plant Relationships
 Herbivory
o Keystone Species
- Symbiosis
o Mutualism
o Parasitism
o Commensalism
Section 4.3: Succession
- Primary and Secondary Succession
o Ecological Succession
o Primary Succession
-
 Pioneer Species
o Secondary Succession
Climax Communities
o Succession After Natural Disturbances
o Succession After Human-Caused Disturbances
CHAPTER 5: POPULATIONS
Section 5.1: How Populations Grow
- Describing Populations
o Geographic Range
o Density
 Population Density
o Growth Rate
o Age Structure
- Population Growth
o Birthrate and Death Rate
o Immigration and Emigration
- Exponential Growth
o Exponential Growth
o Rapidly Reproducing Organisms
o Slowly Reproducing Organisms
o Organisms in New Environments
o Models of Exponential Growth
 Exponential Growth Curve
- Logistic Growth
o Phases of Growth
 Phase 1: Exponential Growth
 Phase 2: Growth Slows Down
 Phase 3: Growth Stops
o The Logistic Growth Curve
o Carrying Capacity
Section 5.2: Limits to Growth
- Limiting Factors
- Density-Dependent Limiting Factors
o Competition
o Predation
o Herbivory
o Human Predation
o Parasitism
o Disease
o Stress from Overcrowding
- Density-Independent Limiting Factors
o “Natural Disasters”
o True Density Independence?
o Controlling Introduced Species
Section 5.3: Human Population Growth
- Historical Overview
o Exponential Human Population Growth
o The Predictions of Malthus
-
o World Population Growth Slows
Patterns of Human Population Growth
o Demography
o Demographic Transition
o Age Structure
o Future Population Growth
CHAPTER 6: HUMANS IN THE BIOSPHERE
Section 6.1: A Changing Landscape
- The Effects of Human Activity
o Living on “Island Earth”
o Agriculture
 Monoculture
o Development
o Industrial Growth
- Sustainable Development
o Ecosystem Goods and Services
o Renewable Resources
o Nonrenewable Resources
o Sustainable Development
Section 6.2: Using Resources Wisely
- Soil Resources
o Soil Erosion
 Desertification
 Deforestation
o Soil Use and Sustainability
- Freshwater Resources
o Water Pollution
 Industrial and Agricultural Chemicals
 Biological Magnification
 Residual Sewage
o Water Quality and Sustainability
- Atmospheric Resources
o Air Pollution
 Smog
 Acid Rain
o Air Quality and Sustainability
Section 6.3: Biodiversity
- The Value of Biodiversity
o Types of Biodiversity
 Ecosystem Diversity
 Species Diversity
 Genetic Diversity
o Valuing Biodiversity
 Biodiversity in Medicine
 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
- Threats to Biodiversity
o Altered Habitats
 Habitat Fragmentation
-
o Hunting
o Demand for Wildlife Products
o Introduced Species
o Pollution
o Climate Change
Conserving Biodiversity
o Protecting Individual Species
o Preserving Habitats and Ecosystems
 Ecological Hot Spot
o Considering Local Interests