Download Sedimentology Lecture Test 1

NAME _____________________________________________________ SEDIMENTOLOGY LECTURE # 1
___ 1. Bouma Sequences are associated with. A.flysch B.eolian dunes C.antidunes D.loess E.lagoons
___ 2. If carbonates are replaced by silica, there is typically a ? in the porosity. A.increase B.decrease C.there
is typically no change in porosity when carbonates are replaced by silica
___ 3. Giganna refers to ? of years on the radioisotopic time scale. A.thousands B.millions C.billions
D.giganna can be at any level
___ 4. The Hjulström Effect best explains the resistance to erosion of A.clay B.silt C.sand D.gravel E.the
Hjülstrom Effect affects all of these grain sizes
___ 5. ?-order Cycles are characteristic of Pennsylvanian-age cyclothems; they probably spanned a few hundred
thousand years. A.first B.second C.third D.fourth
___ 6. The Cretaceous is an example of a A.Eonothem B.Erathem C.System D.Stage E.Series
___ 7. Which of the following might define a parastratigraphic unit? A.seismic profile B.well log C.heavy
mineral suite D.trace element assemblage E.all of the above may define parastratigraphic units
___ 8. Groups ? often separated by unconformities. A.are, because there is often a distinct break in lithology
B.are not, because they should be synchronous
___ 9. Saltation would involve the movement of A.clay B.silt C.sand D.gravel E.all of the above
___ 10. Clay-rich sediments typically have ? porosity at deposition. A.low B.high
___ 11. Oxygen 18/16 ratios have been especially utilized in studies of ? paleoclimatology. A.Permian
B.Paleogene C.Cretaceous D.Eocene E.Pleistocene
___ 12. ? is common in granites; it is due to the action of lichens. A.hydrolysis B.hydration C.chelation D.ion
exchange E.oxidation
___ 13. Biostratigraphy has typically provided ? precise correlation versus lithostratigraphy. A.less B.more
C.there is no difference
___ 14. Which of the following has the longest half-life? A.rubidium-strontium B.potassium-argon C.uranium
238- lead 206 D.carbon-14
___ 15. Lithodemic units ? to the Principle of Superposition. A.conform B.do not conform
___ 16. ? are unrecognizable in outcrop without using fossils or absolute dating techniques. A.disconformities
B.angular unconformities C.paraconformities D.nonconformities E.diastems
___ 17. Froude numbers increase as the depth of the channel becomes A.shallower B.deeper
___ 18. Pelagic fossils are ? in biostratigraphy. A.important B.not important
___ 19. Diagenesis involves ? changes in sediment. A.chemical B.physical C.biological D.diagenesis may
involve all of the above changes
___ 20. The most common method utilized in event stratigraphy is analysis of A.climate changes B.sea level
changes C.volcanic events D.cosmic impacts E.storm surges
___ 21. ? typically have a length of 0.1 to 0.2 m and a height of a few centimeters. A.2D dunes B.3D dunes
C.ripples D.lower plane bed E.upper plane bed
___ 22. We know that the clasts in a conglomerate were derived from some original parent material because of
the Principle of A.Original Lateral Continuity B.Superposition C.Cross-Cutting Relationships
D.Original Horizontality E.Inclusions
___ 23. ? would most likely occur in desert areas. A.erosion B.exfoliation C.hydrolysis D.insolation
E.chelation
___ 24. The most powerful erosive forces are exerted by A.wind B.glacial ice C.water D.all of these are
equally powerful
___ 25. The top of supercycles are marked by major ? sequences. A.regressive B.transgressive C.they may be
regressive or transgressive sequences
___ 26. ? is very common in clays. A.hydrolysis B.hydration C.chelation D.ion exchange E.oxidation
___ 27. The Archean is ? than the Phanerozoic. A.older B.younger C.the Archean is part of the Phanerozoic
___ 28. ? formulated the sequence of stability for chemical weathering. A.Steno B.Hutton C.Bowen D.Lyell
E.Goldich
___ 29. Graptolites and trilobites are found in rocks of ? age. A.Paleozoic B.Cenozoic C.Mesozoic D.these
fossils are found in both the Paleozoic and Mesozoic
___ 30. Vuggy porosity involves the dissolution of ? grains versus moldic porosity. A.fewer B.more C.it could
be the same number of grains
___ 31. Which of the following would probably be most useful for stratigraphic correlation? A.Oppel Zone
B.Lineage Zone C.Concurrent Range Zone D.Acme Zone E.Assemblage Zone
___ 32. ? is loss of an electron from an element (commonly Fe or Mn) in a mineral. A.hydrolysis B.hydration
C.chelation D.ion exchange E.oxidation
___ 33. “True” diamictites are associated with ? deposition. A.glacial B.fluvial C.eolian D.lacustrine
E.lagoonal
___ 34. Astroblemes and tektites are results of A.climate changes B.sea level changes C.volcanic events
D.cosmic impacts E.storm surges
___ 35. Nektonic animals A.lived on the bottom B.floated C.swam D.all of the above
___ 36. The Basin and Range Province centered over Nevada consists of a series of discrete packages of strata
bounded by faults. We might define the total sum of units within each of these grabens as ? Units.
A.Lithodemic B.Allostratigraphic C.Pedostratigraphic D.Hydrogeologic E.Sequence
___ 37. Eodiagenesis occurs at burial levels ? those of mesodiagenesis. A.above B.below C.it has nothing to
do with depth of burial
___ 38. Chronostratigraphic units ? synchronous. A.are B.are not C.some are, some aren’t
___ 39. ? are the basic mapping units; they have mappability and lithologic constancy. A.formations B.groups
C.members D.beds E.all of the above are basic mapping units
___ 40. Sedimentary layers can be correlated across a sedimentary basin primarily because of the Principle of
A.Original Lateral Continuity B.Superposition C.Cross-Cutting Relationships D.Original
Horizontality E.Inclusions
___ 41. ? are in the Upper Flow Regime. A.plane beds B.sand waves C.ripples D.dunes E.all of these are in
the upper flow regime
___ 42. A chronozone is a ?-ranked unit than a stage. A.lower B.higher C.a stage is a type of a chronozone
___ 43. Paracycles are ? rises and falls in sea level. A.small scale B.large scale
___ 44. Which of the following would form under the highest froude number? A.plane bed B.dune C.ripple
D.antidune E.sand wave
___ 45. Grain flows often form where there is ? interstitial water than in slumps. A.less B.more C.the amount
of water does not control the formation of grain flows
___ 46. You ? establish a direct measurement of time with paleomagnetic dating. A.can B.cannot
___ 47. Polar wandering curves have been utilized primarily for A.absolute dating B.plotting movement of
lithospheric plates C.relative dating D.isotopic studies E.grain size analyses
___ 48. ? stable isotopes have been used for determing the ages of rocks. A.oxygen B.carbon C.sulfur
D.strontium E.all of the above are stable isotopes that have been used for determining the ages of rocks
___ 49. An “era” is a ? unit. A.chronostratigraphic B.geochronologic C.eras are both chronostratigraphic and
geochronologic units
___ 50. An ideal index fossil would have existed for a ? geologic time. A.short B.long
___ 51. A ? is the lithologic product of a depositional system. A.formation B.member C.group D.facies
E.supergroup
___ 52. The formation of flame structures and convolute beds would most likely occur during A.eodiagenesis
B.mesodiagenesis C.telodiagenesis
___ 53. Graphitization involves a ? ordering of the carbon crystal structure. A.increased B.decreased C.there is
no difference in the crystal structure of kerogen versus graphite
___ 54. Ocean basins have ? stratigraphic breaks than continental strata. A.more B.fewer
___ 55. The relative age of an igneous dike versus the surrounding strata could probably be best determined by
the Principle of A.Original Lateral Continuity B.Superposition C.Cross-Cutting Relationships
D.Original Horizontality E.Inclusions
___ 56. Isotopes of a particular element have different numbers of A.neutrons B.protons C.electrons D.all of
the above
___ 57. A syntaxial overgrowth ? a similar crystallographic orientation versus the mineral grain that it
surrounds. A.has B.does not have
___ 58. The conversion of dolomite to calcite typically ? porosity. A.decreases B.increases C.the porosity
remains the same
___ 59. The deformation of strata could probably best be determined by the Principle of A.Original Lateral
Continuity B.Superposition C.Cross-Cutting Relationships D.Original Horizontality E.Inclusions
___ 60. Paleomagnetic dates may be affected by A.oxidation B.hydration C.forest fires D.bioturbation E.all
of the above may affect paleomagnetic dates
___ 61. Which of the following forms a portion of the “Carboniferous”? A.Cambrian B.Pennsylvanian
C.Triassic D.Jurassic E.Tertiary
___ 62. There have been ? First-Order Cycles during the Phanerozoic. A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4 E.5
___ 63. The basic working unit of intraregional and intra- or intercontinental chronostratigraphy is the
A.Eonothem B.Erathem C.System D.Stage E.Series
___ 64. A diastem is a ? break in deposition. A.minor B.major C.a diastem could be minor or major
___ 65. Which of the following would most likely be a “stratotype”? A.Twin Mountains Formation B.Thorp
Spring Member C.the outcrops at Twin Mountains D.Newark Supergroup E.all of the above are
“stratotypes”
___ 66. Most sedimentary layers are A.isochronous B.diachronous C.there are about as many isochronous
layers as diachronous
___ 67. ? measure the number of electrons caught up in defects in the crystal structure of minerals. A.opticallystimulated luminescence B.electron spin resonance C.thermoluminescence D.all of the above measure
the number of electrons caught up in defects in the crystal structure of minerals E.none of the above
measure the number of electrons caught up in defects in the crystal structure of minerals
___ 68. Mud diapirs are especially common in ? facies. A.lacustrine B.eolian C.lagoonal D.deltaic
E.turbidite
___ 69. ? is typically used for dating rocks less than 40,000 years old. A.potassium-argon B.rubidiumstrontium C.uranium 238- lead 206 D.uranium 235- lead 207 E.carbon-14
___ 70. ? may lithify almost immediately upon deposition or formation. A.reefs B.volcaniclastic deposits
C.evaporites D.all of the above may rapidly lithify
___ 71. Sandstones formed in terrestrial environments would most likely contain ? cement. A.carbonate
B.silicate C.both are equally abundant
___ 72. Pedostratigraphic Units are defined on the basis of ancient A.plants B.animals C.strata D.soils E.all
of the above
___ 73. Which of the following is oldest? A.Silurian B.Cretaceous C.Devonian D.Permian E.Paleogene
___ 74. In theory, amphibole should weather ? olivine. A.before B.after C.they would weather at the same
time
___ 75. ? are erosional surfaces between sedimentary and plutonic igneous rocks. A.disconformities B.angular
unconformities C.paraconformities D.nonconformities E.diastems
___ 76. ? is the measure of oxidation. A.pH B.Eh C.both pH and Eh measure oxidation
___ 77. The Llano Region of Central Texas has a wide variety of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary units
that were related in their geological development. As a complete unit, these rocks would best be
regarded as a A.Bed B.Supergroup C.Group D.Complex E.Zone
___ 78. Which of the following is equivalent to an “epoch”? A.Eonothem B.Erathem C.System D.Stage
E.Series
___ 79. Polarity subzones have been established utilizing ? dating. A.fission track B.uranium disequilibrium
C.amino acid racemisation D.obsidian hydration E.paleomagnetic
___ 80. Conodont colors typically ? with increased depth of burial. A.lighten B.darken C.conodont coloration
has nothing to do with depth of burial
___ 81. Beds are typically regarded as ? rock units; therefore their names are ? A.formal, capitalized B.formal,
not capitalized C.informal, capitalized D.informal, not capitalized
___ 82. ? are formed by turbidites. A.flysch B.eolian dunes C.antidunes D.loess E.lagoons
___ 83. Lithostratigraphic principles could be utilized in ? rocks. A.extrusive igneous B.metasedimentary
C.metavolcanic D.sedimentary E.lithostratigraphic principles could be utilized in all of the above
___ 84. Another name for a phylozone is a A.Oppel Zone B.Lineage Zone C.Concurrent Range Zone
D.Acme Zone E.Assemblage Zone
___ 85. Tephrostratigraphy is based on correlation of ? ash layers. A.isochronous B.diachronous
___ 86. The fundamental unit of world-wide Time-Stratigraphic classification is the A.Eonothem B.Erathem
C.System D.Stage E.Series
___ 87. Which of the following is an “organic-walled microfossil”. A.spores B.dinoflagellates C.acritarchs
D.all of the above are “organic-walled microfossils” E.none of the above is an “organic-walled
microfossil”
___ 88. ? is based on ratios of D and L isomers. A.fission track B.uranium disequilibrium C.amino acid
racemisation D.obsidian hydration E.paleomagnetic dating
___ 89. The light layer in a varve was deposited during the A.”summer” B.”winter” C.you cannot tell when it
was deposited
___ 90. The action of meteoric waters in forming secondary porosity is especially important in A.eodiagenesis
B.mesodiagenesis C.telodiagenesis
___ 91. Uranium Disequlibrium Dating is typically used in rocks ? than one million years old. A.less B.more
___ 92. Diagenesis in carbonates is often ? complex than that seen in clastic rocks. A.less B.more
___ 93. ? dating has a half life of about 1.25 billion years. Material commonly dated is muscovite, biotite,
hornblende, glauconite, sanidine and whole volcanic rock. A.potassium-argon B.rubidium-strontium
C.uranium 238- lead 206 D.uranium 235- lead 207 E.carbon-14
___ 94. Which of the following is an “era”? A.Cretaceous B.Tertiary C.Paleozoic D.Phanerozoic
E.Paleocene
___ 95. Sequences are separated by A.unconformities B.contacts C.beds D.supergroups E.groups