Download Notes: Monarchies

The Rise of Monarchies
900 C.E. – 1500 C.E.
French Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 937 – Hugh Capet
– Established a line of kings lasting 300+ years
France
French Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 1108 – Louis VI (Louis the Fat)
– Got rid of disloyal nobles
– Stopped raids of lawless vassals
– Granted town charters
French Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 1179 – 1223 – Philip II (Philip Augustus)
– Made Paris center of government
– Increased French territory
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-marriage
-took land back from English
– Appointed royal agents
during Crusades
French Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 1226 – Louis IX
– Ordered nobles to stop fighting
– Outlawed dueling
– Centralized money minting (nobles
no longer)
– Set up royal court
French Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 1285 – 1314 Philip IV (Philip the
Fair)
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Seized English fortresses in France
Warred w/ Flemish over cloth trade
Collected taxes regularly
Established Estates-General
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Made of nobles, clergy, &
townspeople
– United all of France under 1 ruler
England
English Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 1042 – Edward the Confessor
English Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 1066 – Harold Godwinson takes thrown
– William, Duke of Normandy, claims rights to
throne (cousin of Edward)
Battle of Hastings
• William crosses E. Channel w/ 4-7000 men
• Harold’s men w/ shields form wall / William’s
men pretend to retreat
• Harold’s men followed – trapped – defeated
English Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 1066 - King William I of England
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Introduced feudalism
Divided England among Norman nobles
Advised by Great Council
Followed French / Norman customs
Domesday Book – Anglo-Saxon “Doom” judgement
– Census & land survey in 1086
English Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 1154 – Henry II (William’s great-grandson)
– England, m Ireland, Scotland, Wales, feudal lord
in France
– Wife – Eleanor of Aquitaine (French)
– Restored order, demanded noble loyalty
– Central royal court in London
Henry II con’t
– Trouble with the Church
• Thomas a Becket Archbishop of Canterbury
– Becket friend of Henry Didn’t want royal control of church
– Becket murdered
– Henry made piece w/ church by allowing officials tried in Church court
English Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 1189 – Richard the Lion Heart
– Called to lead Crusade
English Kings & Their
Accomplishments
• 1199 – John (Richard’s
brother)
– Lost lands in France to
French king
– Increased English Taxes /
Ignored laws / Angered
nobles
– 1215 – King met nobles at
Runnymede, signed Great
Charter (Magna Carta)
Magna Carta
• Took away king’s powers, increased noble’s
power
• King can’t collect taxes w/o Great Council
approval
• Freeman right to trial by peers
• Important step toward democracy
English Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 1216 – Henry III
– Weak king, allowed feudal lords & Council to rule
• 1264 – Simon de Montfort (Henry’s brother in
law)
– Commoner Representatives in Great Council
/Gave people voice
English Kings & Their Accomplishments
• 1272 – Edward I
– Parliament – meeting of reps for advising
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House of Lords – nobles & clergy
House of Commons – knights & townspeople
Hundred Years’ War
• 1300’s - French wanted English out of France
• 1337 – English Edward III declares king of
France
– Long series of battles begins
Hundred Years’ War
• The beginning –
– English beat French for control of sea
– English invaded France
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Defeated France at:
1346 – Battle of Crecy
1415 – Battle of Agincourt
Hundred Years’ War
• New Weapons
– Longbow – English weapon (Steel tipped arrows)
– French – crossbow
– First use of cannon
Hundred Years’ War
• Joan of Arc
– 1429 - 17 year old hears
heavenly voices tell her to save
France
– Frees Orleans in 10 days
(Charles VII King)
– Captured by French traitor –
sold to English
– Burned at Stake – exonerated 24
years later
Hundred Years’ War
• 1453 – French drive English out except for Calais
Port Hundred Years’ War
• Results of War
– By 1500 – France unified under King
– England unified under weak ruler
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1485 – Henry Tudor king
– Commoners more important – made demands
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Wages
Live outside manors
Farmer rented land from nobles
War of the Roses
• Lancaster (red) vs. York (white)
• War for the throne
– Henry Tutor (Lancaster) defeats Richard III (York)
– Henry founds Tutor dynasty
German Rulers
• 936 – Otto I
– Turned to church to unify
– 951 – marched to Italy
– 962 – Freed Pope from
Roman noble
– Crown emperor of Holy
Roman Empire
German Rulers
• 1152 – Frederick I (Barbarossa –
“red beard”)
– Nobles wealthy – worked against
emperor
– Italian city-states break away
– Killed in Crusade
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Myth – not dead, magic sleep,
return & restore glory
German Rulers
• 1220 – Frederick II
– Concentrated on Sicily
– Educated – languages, science experiments
– 1227 – Excommunicated (taking over Italian
lands)
German Rulers
• The Hapsburgs
– German princes met in diet – assembly
– 1273 - Elected Rudolf Hapsburg
– Rule for 650 years
German Rulers
• 1493 - Maximilian I
– Mary of Burgundy – gained Flanders,
Belgium, Netherlands & Luxembourg
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Married off children for other areas
Not all of Germany – princes control own
area
Spain
• 711 – Moors conquer Spain
• 1200’s – Christians drive Moors south
Spain
• 1469 - Fedinand & Isabella
– “Catholic Monarchs” – all Spanish to be catholic
– Ran off Jews & Moors
Spain
• 1492 – Moors ousted from Granada
• 1502 – Moors ordered to convert or leave
– Lost most of its artisans, merchants, bankers, doctors &
educators