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Bacteria and Viruses Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. The structure labeled C in Figure 19-1 is Figure 19-1 ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. a. DNA. c. the nucleus. b. an organelle. d. a high-energy sugar. Spherical prokaryotes are called a. spirilla. c. cocci. b. flagella. d. bacilli. Unlike photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs obtain energy a. directly from the sun. c. indirectly from carbon molecules. b. directly from chemical reactions. d. indirectly from other organisms. Humans use bacteria in all of the following ways EXCEPT to a. clean up small oil spills. c. make vaccines b. make butter and milk. d. make yogart What is the basic structure of a virus? a. DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat b. a capsid surrounded by a protein coat c. a tail sheath surrounded by tail fibers d. a tiny cell surrounded by a cell wall Bacteriophages infect a. other viruses. c. any available host cell. b. bacteria only. d. cells undergoing the lytic cycle. Viruses that contain RNA as their genetic information are called a. prophages. c. retroviruses. b. bacteriophages. d. capsids. What can a vaccine do when it is injected into the body? a. prompt the body to produce immunity to a disease b. produce toxins that disrupt bacterial equilibrium c. use bacterial cells for food d. destroy new pathogens as they arise in the body ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 9. The microorganisms called prokaryotes are a. bacteria and viruses. b. single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. c. heterotrophs that contain no DNA. d. single-celled organisms that form protein clumps. 10. Binary fission occurs when a bacterium a. exchanges genetic information with another cell. b. forms an endospore to survive harsh conditions. c. forms a hollow bridge to another bacterial cell. d. replicates its DNA and divides in half. 11. A typical virus is composed of a a. cell wall made of peptidoglycan. b. core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. c. bacteriophage inside a lytic infection. d. core of protein surrounded by a coat of DNA. 12. What are viruses that infect bacteria called? a. archaebacteria c. nitrogen fixers b. facultative anaerobes d. bacteriophages 13. Antibiotics are compounds that can a. disrupt a virus’s normal equilibrium. b. prompt the body to produce immunity. c. block the growth and reproduction of bacteria. d. control a viral infection. 14. Which of the following is a disease caused by a virus? a. AIDS c. tooth decay b. strep throat d. tetanus 15. If you wash your hands properly, ordinary soaps do a good job of removing a. bacteria. c. viroids. b. viruses. d. prions. Short Answer 16. Why are viruses not considered to be living things? 17. List three methods used to control bacterial growth. 18. What is a pathogen? 19. What are two general ways that bacteria produce disease? 20. What is the difference between binary fission and conjugation? Other USING SCIENCE SKILLS Figure 19–3 21. Interpreting Graphics What does Figure 19-3 represent? a. the lysogenic cycle c. a bacterial infection b. the lytic cycle d. diarrhea 22. Comparing and Contrasting Look at both cycles shown in Figure 19-3. During which cycle is the host cell destroyed? 23. Interpreting Graphics Each stage of the cycles shown in Figure 19-3 is labeled with a letter. Which letter indicates the stage at which the bacteriophage’s DNA becomes a part of the host cell’s DNA? 24. Interpreting Graphics Which letter in Figure 19-3 indicates the stage at which a host cell begins producing new bacteriophages? 25. Interpreting Graphics Which letter in Figure 19-3 indicates the stage at which a bacteriophage injects its DNA into a host cell? Bacteria and Viruses Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: A C B B A B C A B D B D C B A REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: p. 471 p. 473 p. 474 p. 477 p. 478 p. 479 p. 482 p. 486 p. 471 p. 475 p. 478 p. 479 p. 486 p. 489 p. 487 STO: Bio TEKS 4C.1 STO: Bio TEKS 8C.1 STO: Bio TEKS 4C.1 STO: Bio TEKS 4C.2 SHORT ANSWER 16. ANS: Living things are made up of cells, and they are able to live independently. Viruses are not cellular and must infect a living cell to reproduce. Also, unlike cells, viruses don’t grow and develop, don’t obtain and use energy, and don’t respond to the environment. REF: p. 483 17. ANS: Three methods used to control bacteria growth are sterilization by heat, use of disinfectants, and correct food storage and processing. REF: p. 487 18. ANS: A pathogen is a disease-causing agent. REF: p. 485 19. ANS: Some bacteria damage the cells and tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking down the cells for food. Other bacteria release toxins that travel throughout the body interfering with the normal activity of the host. REF: p. 485 20. ANS: STO: Bio TEKS 4D.3 Binary fission is an asexual form of reproduction that occurs in bacteria. When a bacterium has grown so that it has nearly doubled in size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half. In conjugation, a hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells, and genes move from one cell to another. OTHER 21. ANS: the lysogenic cycle REF: p. 481 22. ANS: during the lytic cycle REF: p. 481 23. ANS: E REF: p. 481 24. ANS: C REF: p. 481 25. ANS: A REF: p. 481