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REVISION January 2001 Table 1: Percentage of rural households that collect and/or purchase firewood All households Poorest 50 percent in each area Purchase Both Collect Purchase Both Collect only only only only All 24.9 10.9 64.2 23.6 9.6 66.9 Punjab 27.7 12.7 59.6 29.6 11.2 59.2 Sindh 16.4 7.5 76.2 13.6 4.7 81.7 NWFP 32.5 12.8 54.7 26.5 14.5 59.0 Baluchistan 23.4 8.5 68.1 16.9 9.9 73.2 Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS Table 2: Value of collected firewood in rural areas. Number of Time Average collectors required, distance person to hours source per year of Adult Other firewood male Labor cost of collection (rs/year) (at various valuations of time) All labor Male, valued female and at male child labor wage valued differently Value of collected wood at market prices (rs/year) Labor cost of collection (valued differently for males, females and children) as fraction of median HH expenditures Pakistan .91 1.36 699 1.78 2797 1958 2099 6.2% Punjab .95 1.28 523 1.64 2092 1491 1752 5.2% Sindh .79 1.60 1044 1.76 4176 2778 2233 8.8% NWFP .99 1.26 760 1.75 3040 2188 2920 5.4% Baluchistan .75 1.41 1091 3.79 4364 2939 2819 7.9% Source: Adapted from Ouerghi and Heaps (1993). Based on consumption of about 6 kg per household per day. The assumed wage rate for male time is 4 rs per hour. For female and child time the wage is assumed to be 2 rs per hour. Collected wood is valued at .80 rs/kg (as opposed to .98 rs/kg the average market price) to account for lower value of collected versus purchased wood. Table 3: Summary statistics on cluster level measures of firewood scarcity in rural areas. Pakistan Punjab Sindh Based on cluster means of household survey: Problems obtaining wood because of supply (percent) 8.0 8.2 11.1 Kilometers to source of wood, round trip 2.93 2.37 3.26 Hours for two way trip time to collect wood 1.87 1.54 1.83 Based on community survey: Price of wood in the market (or mandi) rupees/kg 0.92 0.96 0.79 Price of dung cakes (rupees/100 cakes) 11.68 14.42 7.40 Density of cluster (acres per HH) 6.37 5.79 4.33 Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS. NWFP Baluchistan 0.9 3.52 2.62 8.3 4.91 3.23 1.04 9.40 10.01 1.22 n/a 9.36 Table 4: Source of collected wood among rural households that collect wood. All households Poorest 50 percent in each area Own land Other Non-private Own land Other Non-private private land land private land land Pakistan 26.0 34.1 39.8 21.2 37.5 41.4 Punjab 35.8 33.7 30.7 26.6 41.8 31.6 Sindh 22.7 46.5 41.4 9.8 45.3 44.9 NWFP 35.9 19.7 44.3 31.9 24.1 44.1 Baluchistan 3.3 6.6 90.0 2.0 3.9 94.2 Note: Non-private land includes State / forest, Waste, Common / village, and other land. Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS Table 5: Household time devoted to tasks by rural females in Pakistan. Female hours per week Percent of total time Percent of time that is devoted to task devoted to task performed by girls* Fetching water 4.4 5.6 20.4 Firewood Collection 3.2 4.1 19.5 Animal care, fodder 7.9 10.1 13.7 Dung Cake Preparation 2.3 2.9 13.9 Sub-total, collection 17.7 22.7 15.7 Other (miscellaneous) 7.1 9.1 10.3 Cooking 26.6 34.1 17.2 Cleaning 16.9 21.7 21.6 Child care 9.7 12.4 7.1 Total 78.1 100.0 16.6 Note: (*) Fraction of time in task which is performed by children is averaged only over households in which the task is performed. For the purposes of this analysis, girls is defined as unmarried females under 18. Rural sample of 2254 households. Miscellaneous includes taking meals to workers, grinding flour, going to market, stitching, milk/ghee preparation. Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS Table 6: Tobit estimates of the mean change in expected hours per week in household activities, rural areas of Pakistan. Hours of mothers Sum of hours of all household females over 10 years old Dependent variable in hours per week Total Collection Total Collection activities activities Household composition variables: Number of household members over 15 Number of household members between 11 and 15 Number of household members between 6 and 10 Number of household members between 3 and 5 Number of household members -3.388 (<.001)* -2.197 (<.001) 1.044 (0.026) 1.990 (0.002) 1.692 (0.024) -0.503 (<.001)* -0.365 (0.139) 0.053 (0.788) 0.195 (0.472) -0.133 (0.675) 5.795 (<.001)* 5.344 (<.001)* 5.341 (<.001)* 5.686 (<.001)* 7.064 (<.001)* 1.053 (<.001)* 1.043 (0.009) 1.226 (<.001)* 0.340 (0.445) 0.364 (0.494) 3.891 (<.001)* 0.615 (0.023)* -0.015 (<.001)* 0.821 (0.837) 10.300 (0.446) 4.615 (<.001)* 0.205 (0.898) -6.638 (0.002)* 17.536 (0.254) -0.379 (0.314) 0.456 (<.001)* -0.006 (<.001)* -1.027 (0.544) 2.837 (0.603) 2.577 (<.001)* 1.793 (0.007)* 0.431 (0.635) -2.162 (0.730) 4.182 (0.002)* -1.866 (0.003)* 8.397 (<.001)* 1.016 (0.674) -5.494 (0.108) 5.314 (0.535) 5.895 (<.001)* 3.950 (<.001)* 3.393 (0.030)* 12.872 (<.001)* Other variables: Expenditure per person (ln) Age Age squared Female head Spouse present Sindh NWFP Baluchistan Constant Summary statistics Share of change due to the response above zero (percent) 81.7 49.0 89.4 71.1 Mean hours 42.6 9.7 78.5 17.6 Number of observations 2101 2254 Notes: P-values of tobit parameter estimates are reported in parenthesis. (*) indicates significantly different from zero at the 95% level. Source: Authors’ analysis of PIHS. Table 7: Tobit estimates of the mean change in expected quantity of firewood used, and Probit estimates of the mean change in probability of firewood collection; rural households Consumption of firewood Collect only (0/1) (kg per person) All Poorest 50 All Poorest 50 percent percent HH expenditures per person (ln) 0.204 0.155 -0.061 -0.121 (<.001)* (0.006)* (0.001)* (0.016) Household size -0.102 -0.092 (<.001)* (<.001)* Household size squared 0.002 0.002 (<.001)* (0.001)* Number of household members over 15 0.011 0.003 (0.024)* (0.664) Number of household members 11 to 15 0.006 0.030 -0.028 -0.038 (0.774) (0.160) (0.012)* (0.020)* Number of household members 6 to 10 -0.013 0.000 0.009 0.009 (0.425) (0.989) (0.329) (0.505) Number of household members 5 and under -0.007 -0.012 -0.025 -0.034 (0.637) (0.501) (0.001)* (0.003)* Sindh (†) 0.419 0.284 0.224 0.300 (<.001)* (<.001)* (<.001)* (<.001)* Baluchistan (†) 0.876 0.638 0.164 0.251 (<.001)* (<.001)* (<.001)* (<.001)* NWFP (†) 0.362 0.445 0.055 0.191 (<.001)* (<.001)* (0.073) (<.001)* Summary statistics Mean of dependent variable 0.985 0.776 57.7 59.9 Share of change due to the response above zero 65.4 66.8 Number of observations 2394 1026 2394 1026 Notes: (†) indicates variables for which parameter estimates reported in collect only model are for change in the variable from 0 to 1. P-values of probit or tobit parameter estimates are reported in parenthesis, (*) indicates significantly different from zero at the 95% level. Source: Authors’ analysis of PIHS Table 8: Correlations amongst various cluster level measures of firewood scarcity, rural clusters Problems with Kilometers to Hours for two Density of Price of wood supply + source + way trip + cluster Problems with supply + 1 (151) Kilometers to source + 0.167** 1 (144) (144) Hours for two way trip + -0.056 0.486** 1 (129) (129) (129) Density of cluster -0.090 -0.018 0.099 1 (135) (129) (115) (135) Price of wood -0.194** -0.007 0.198* -0.033 1 (104) (102) (95) (94) (104) Notes: (*) indicates that the correlation coefficient is significantly different from zero at the 10% level, (**) at the 5% level. (+) indicates a variable defined as a cluster mean. The number of observations included in each pairwise correlation is in parenthesis. Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS. Table 9: Probit estimates of the change in the probability of birth in the past 5 years for rural ever married women aged 19 and over. All Poorest 50th percentile (#) Household expenditures per adult (ln) -0.002 0.074 (0.889) (0.014)* Age in years 0.088 0.074 (<0.001)* (<0.001)* Age in years, squared -0.002 -0.001 (<0.001)* (<0.001)* 1=Ever went to school (†) -0.026 -0.043 (0.402) (0.303) 1=Spouse information available (†) -0.211 -0.194 (0.405) (0.430) Spouse years of schooling -0.001 0.0001 (0.877) (0.994) Spouse years of schooling, squared -0.0003 -0.001 (0.603) (0.499) 1=Sindh province (†) -0.252 -0.249 (<0.001)* (<0.001)* 1=NWFP province (†) 0.025 -0.002 (0.325) (0.943) 1=Baluchistan province (†) -0.069 -0.004 (0.027)* (0.928) Summary statistics N 3030 1631 Pseudo R-Squared 0.310 0.354 Mean of dependent variable 0.440 0.405 Notes: The estimates reported are the marginal effect of a change in the independent variable on the dependent variable. (†) indicates variables for which estimates reported are for change in the variable from 0 to 1. P-values of underlying probit parameter estimates are reported in parenthesis, (*) indicates significantly different from zero at the 95% level. Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS. Table 10: Estimates of the change in the probability of a birth in response to a change in one of 5 possible measures of firewood scarcity in 6 sub-samples of rural ever married women aged 19 and over (this summarizes 30 separate probit regressions) Dependent variable is birth in the Past 5 Years . All models include the basic set of regressors (given in Table 9) and the one measure of firewood scarcity reported. Sample: Model: Basic specification plus: (1) Problems with supply + (2) Kilometers to source + (3) Hours for two way trip + (4) Density of cluster Poorest Punjab Sindh NWFP Baluchistan 50th province province province province Percentile Estimate 0.319 0.203 0.023 1.100 -1.678 0.157 P-value (<0.001)* (0.017)* (0.781) (<0.001)* (0.186) (0.580) Num. Obs. 3030 1631 1477 846 488 219 Estimate 0.011 0.011 -0.001 0.012 0.023 -0.0004 P-value (<0.001)* (<0.001)* (0.815) (<0.001)* (0.002)* (0.989) Num. Obs. 2908 1587 1407 843 460 198 Estimate -0.021 -0.007 -0.090 0.075 0.032 -0.059 P-value (0.033)* (0.572) (0.001)* (<0.001)* (0.209) (0.025)* Num. Obs. 2633 1426 1281 755 424 173 Estimate 0.001 0.003 -0.005 0.003 0.003 0.008 P-value (0.280) (0.047)* (0.001)* (0.141) (0.070) (0.073) Num. Obs. 2750 1491 1436 607 488 219 (5) Estimate -0.229 -0.179 -0.139 -0.359 -0.017 -0.222 Price of wood P-value (<0.001)* (0.002)* (0.013)* (<0.001)* (0.923) (0.106) Num. Obs. 2139 1116 1072 671 293 103 Notes: The estimates reported are the marginal effect of a change in the independent variable on the dependent variable. P-values of underlying probit parameter estimates are reported in parenthesis, (*) indicates significantly different from zero at the 95% level. (+) indicates a variable defined as a cluster mean. Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS. The full set of results for all 30 models are in the Appendix. All Pakistan Figure 1: Share of time in household activities devoted to “collection activities”. 40 35 30 Percent 25 20 15 10 5 0 10 15 20 Age 25 Figure 2: Hours per week that female household members devote to household activities. 60 Hours per week 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 Age 50 60