Download Table 1: Value of collected firewood in rural areas

REVISION January 2001
Table 1: Percentage of rural households that collect and/or purchase firewood
All households
Poorest 50 percent in each area
Purchase
Both
Collect
Purchase
Both
Collect
only
only
only
only
All
24.9
10.9
64.2
23.6
9.6
66.9
Punjab
27.7
12.7
59.6
29.6
11.2
59.2
Sindh
16.4
7.5
76.2
13.6
4.7
81.7
NWFP
32.5
12.8
54.7
26.5
14.5
59.0
Baluchistan
23.4
8.5
68.1
16.9
9.9
73.2
Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS
Table 2: Value of collected firewood in rural areas.
Number of
Time
Average
collectors
required,
distance
person
to
hours
source
per year
of
Adult
Other
firewood
male
Labor cost of
collection (rs/year)
(at various valuations
of time)
All labor Male,
valued
female and
at male
child labor
wage
valued
differently
Value of
collected
wood at
market
prices
(rs/year)
Labor cost of
collection
(valued
differently
for males,
females and
children) as
fraction of
median HH
expenditures
Pakistan
.91
1.36
699
1.78
2797
1958
2099
6.2%
Punjab
.95
1.28
523
1.64
2092
1491
1752
5.2%
Sindh
.79
1.60
1044
1.76
4176
2778
2233
8.8%
NWFP
.99
1.26
760
1.75
3040
2188
2920
5.4%
Baluchistan
.75
1.41
1091
3.79
4364
2939
2819
7.9%
Source: Adapted from Ouerghi and Heaps (1993). Based on consumption of about 6 kg per household per day.
The assumed wage rate for male time is 4 rs per hour. For female and child time the wage is assumed to be 2 rs
per hour. Collected wood is valued at .80 rs/kg (as opposed to .98 rs/kg the average market price) to account for
lower value of collected versus purchased wood.
Table 3: Summary statistics on cluster level measures of firewood scarcity in rural areas.
Pakistan
Punjab
Sindh
Based on cluster means of household survey:
Problems obtaining wood because of supply (percent)
8.0
8.2
11.1
Kilometers to source of wood, round trip
2.93
2.37
3.26
Hours for two way trip time to collect wood
1.87
1.54
1.83
Based on community survey:
Price of wood in the market (or mandi) rupees/kg
0.92
0.96
0.79
Price of dung cakes (rupees/100 cakes)
11.68
14.42
7.40
Density of cluster (acres per HH)
6.37
5.79
4.33
Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS.
NWFP Baluchistan
0.9
3.52
2.62
8.3
4.91
3.23
1.04
9.40
10.01
1.22
n/a
9.36
Table 4: Source of collected wood among rural households that collect wood.
All households
Poorest 50 percent in each area
Own land
Other Non-private
Own land
Other Non-private
private land
land
private land
land
Pakistan
26.0
34.1
39.8
21.2
37.5
41.4
Punjab
35.8
33.7
30.7
26.6
41.8
31.6
Sindh
22.7
46.5
41.4
9.8
45.3
44.9
NWFP
35.9
19.7
44.3
31.9
24.1
44.1
Baluchistan
3.3
6.6
90.0
2.0
3.9
94.2
Note: Non-private land includes State / forest, Waste, Common / village, and other land. Source: Authors’
calculation from PIHS
Table 5: Household time devoted to tasks by rural females in Pakistan.
Female hours per week
Percent of total time
Percent of time that is
devoted to task
devoted to task
performed by girls*
Fetching water
4.4
5.6
20.4
Firewood Collection
3.2
4.1
19.5
Animal care, fodder
7.9
10.1
13.7
Dung Cake Preparation
2.3
2.9
13.9
Sub-total, collection
17.7
22.7
15.7
Other (miscellaneous)
7.1
9.1
10.3
Cooking
26.6
34.1
17.2
Cleaning
16.9
21.7
21.6
Child care
9.7
12.4
7.1
Total
78.1
100.0
16.6
Note: (*) Fraction of time in task which is performed by children is averaged only over households in which the
task is performed. For the purposes of this analysis, girls is defined as unmarried females under 18. Rural
sample of 2254 households. Miscellaneous includes taking meals to workers, grinding flour, going to market,
stitching, milk/ghee preparation. Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS
Table 6: Tobit estimates of the mean change in expected hours per week in household activities, rural areas of
Pakistan.
Hours of mothers
Sum of hours of all
household females over 10
years old
Dependent variable in hours per week
Total
Collection
Total
Collection
activities
activities
Household composition variables:
Number of household members over 15
Number of household members between 11 and 15
Number of household members between 6 and 10
Number of household members between 3 and 5
Number of household members
-3.388
(<.001)*
-2.197
(<.001)
1.044
(0.026)
1.990
(0.002)
1.692
(0.024)
-0.503
(<.001)*
-0.365
(0.139)
0.053
(0.788)
0.195
(0.472)
-0.133
(0.675)
5.795
(<.001)*
5.344
(<.001)*
5.341
(<.001)*
5.686
(<.001)*
7.064
(<.001)*
1.053
(<.001)*
1.043
(0.009)
1.226
(<.001)*
0.340
(0.445)
0.364
(0.494)
3.891
(<.001)*
0.615
(0.023)*
-0.015
(<.001)*
0.821
(0.837)
10.300
(0.446)
4.615
(<.001)*
0.205
(0.898)
-6.638
(0.002)*
17.536
(0.254)
-0.379
(0.314)
0.456
(<.001)*
-0.006
(<.001)*
-1.027
(0.544)
2.837
(0.603)
2.577
(<.001)*
1.793
(0.007)*
0.431
(0.635)
-2.162
(0.730)
4.182
(0.002)*
-1.866
(0.003)*
8.397
(<.001)*
1.016
(0.674)
-5.494
(0.108)
5.314
(0.535)
5.895
(<.001)*
3.950
(<.001)*
3.393
(0.030)*
12.872
(<.001)*
Other variables:
Expenditure per person (ln)
Age
Age squared
Female head
Spouse present
Sindh
NWFP
Baluchistan
Constant
Summary statistics
Share of change due to the response above zero (percent)
81.7
49.0
89.4
71.1
Mean hours
42.6
9.7
78.5
17.6
Number of observations
2101
2254
Notes: P-values of tobit parameter estimates are reported in parenthesis. (*) indicates significantly different from zero
at the 95% level. Source: Authors’ analysis of PIHS.
Table 7: Tobit estimates of the mean change in expected quantity of firewood used, and Probit estimates of the mean
change in probability of firewood collection; rural households
Consumption of firewood
Collect only (0/1)
(kg per person)
All
Poorest 50
All
Poorest 50
percent
percent
HH expenditures per person (ln)
0.204
0.155
-0.061
-0.121
(<.001)*
(0.006)*
(0.001)*
(0.016)
Household size
-0.102
-0.092
(<.001)*
(<.001)*
Household size squared
0.002
0.002
(<.001)*
(0.001)*
Number of household members over 15
0.011
0.003
(0.024)*
(0.664)
Number of household members 11 to 15
0.006
0.030
-0.028
-0.038
(0.774)
(0.160)
(0.012)*
(0.020)*
Number of household members 6 to 10
-0.013
0.000
0.009
0.009
(0.425)
(0.989)
(0.329)
(0.505)
Number of household members 5 and under
-0.007
-0.012
-0.025
-0.034
(0.637)
(0.501)
(0.001)*
(0.003)*
Sindh (†)
0.419
0.284
0.224
0.300
(<.001)*
(<.001)*
(<.001)*
(<.001)*
Baluchistan (†)
0.876
0.638
0.164
0.251
(<.001)*
(<.001)*
(<.001)*
(<.001)*
NWFP (†)
0.362
0.445
0.055
0.191
(<.001)*
(<.001)*
(0.073)
(<.001)*
Summary statistics
Mean of dependent variable
0.985
0.776
57.7
59.9
Share of change due to the response above zero
65.4
66.8
Number of observations
2394
1026
2394
1026
Notes: (†) indicates variables for which parameter estimates reported in collect only model are for change in the
variable from 0 to 1. P-values of probit or tobit parameter estimates are reported in parenthesis, (*) indicates
significantly different from zero at the 95% level. Source: Authors’ analysis of PIHS
Table 8: Correlations amongst various cluster level measures of firewood scarcity, rural clusters
Problems with Kilometers to Hours for two
Density of Price of wood
supply +
source +
way trip +
cluster
Problems with supply +
1
(151)
Kilometers to source +
0.167**
1
(144)
(144)
Hours for two way trip +
-0.056
0.486**
1
(129)
(129)
(129)
Density of cluster
-0.090
-0.018
0.099
1
(135)
(129)
(115)
(135)
Price of wood
-0.194**
-0.007
0.198*
-0.033
1
(104)
(102)
(95)
(94)
(104)
Notes: (*) indicates that the correlation coefficient is significantly different from zero at the 10% level, (**) at
the 5% level. (+) indicates a variable defined as a cluster mean. The number of observations included in each
pairwise correlation is in parenthesis. Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS.
Table 9: Probit estimates of the change in the probability of birth in the past 5 years for rural ever married women aged
19 and over.
All
Poorest 50th percentile (#)
Household expenditures per adult (ln)
-0.002
0.074
(0.889)
(0.014)*
Age in years
0.088
0.074
(<0.001)*
(<0.001)*
Age in years, squared
-0.002
-0.001
(<0.001)*
(<0.001)*
1=Ever went to school (†)
-0.026
-0.043
(0.402)
(0.303)
1=Spouse information available (†)
-0.211
-0.194
(0.405)
(0.430)
Spouse years of schooling
-0.001
0.0001
(0.877)
(0.994)
Spouse years of schooling, squared
-0.0003
-0.001
(0.603)
(0.499)
1=Sindh province (†)
-0.252
-0.249
(<0.001)*
(<0.001)*
1=NWFP province (†)
0.025
-0.002
(0.325)
(0.943)
1=Baluchistan province (†)
-0.069
-0.004
(0.027)*
(0.928)
Summary statistics
N
3030
1631
Pseudo R-Squared
0.310
0.354
Mean of dependent variable
0.440
0.405
Notes: The estimates reported are the marginal effect of a change in the independent variable on the dependent variable.
(†) indicates variables for which estimates reported are for change in the variable from 0 to 1. P-values of underlying
probit parameter estimates are reported in parenthesis, (*) indicates significantly different from zero at the 95% level.
Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS.
Table 10: Estimates of the change in the probability of a birth in response to a change in one of 5 possible measures of firewood
scarcity in 6 sub-samples of rural ever married women aged 19 and over (this summarizes 30 separate probit regressions)
Dependent variable is birth in the Past 5 Years .
All models include the basic set of regressors (given in Table 9) and the one measure of firewood scarcity reported.
Sample:
Model:
Basic specification
plus:
(1)
Problems with
supply +
(2)
Kilometers to
source +
(3)
Hours for two way
trip +
(4)
Density of cluster
Poorest
Punjab
Sindh
NWFP
Baluchistan
50th
province
province
province
province
Percentile
Estimate
0.319
0.203
0.023
1.100
-1.678
0.157
P-value
(<0.001)*
(0.017)*
(0.781)
(<0.001)*
(0.186)
(0.580)
Num. Obs.
3030
1631
1477
846
488
219
Estimate
0.011
0.011
-0.001
0.012
0.023
-0.0004
P-value
(<0.001)*
(<0.001)*
(0.815)
(<0.001)*
(0.002)*
(0.989)
Num. Obs.
2908
1587
1407
843
460
198
Estimate
-0.021
-0.007
-0.090
0.075
0.032
-0.059
P-value
(0.033)*
(0.572)
(0.001)*
(<0.001)*
(0.209)
(0.025)*
Num. Obs.
2633
1426
1281
755
424
173
Estimate
0.001
0.003
-0.005
0.003
0.003
0.008
P-value
(0.280)
(0.047)*
(0.001)*
(0.141)
(0.070)
(0.073)
Num. Obs.
2750
1491
1436
607
488
219
(5)
Estimate
-0.229
-0.179
-0.139
-0.359
-0.017
-0.222
Price of wood
P-value
(<0.001)*
(0.002)*
(0.013)*
(<0.001)*
(0.923)
(0.106)
Num. Obs.
2139
1116
1072
671
293
103
Notes: The estimates reported are the marginal effect of a change in the independent variable on the dependent variable. P-values
of underlying probit parameter estimates are reported in parenthesis, (*) indicates significantly different from zero at the 95% level.
(+) indicates a variable defined as a cluster mean. Source: Authors’ calculation from PIHS. The full set of results for all 30 models
are in the Appendix.
All Pakistan
Figure 1: Share of time in household activities devoted to “collection activities”.
40
35
30
Percent
25
20
15
10
5
0
10
15
20
Age
25
Figure 2: Hours per week that female household members devote to household activities.
60
Hours per week
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
Age
50
60