Download here

MEDICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
EXAM QUESTIONS
2003/2004
I. PHYSICAL, BIOANORGANIC AND BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Physical and chemical properties of water, its importance in human organism
Solubility in polar and nonpolar solvents, biochemical examples
Analytical and colloidal dispersions, diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, biochemical examples
Chromatography and electrophoresis, application in biochemistry
Energetics of chemical reactions, enthalpy, entropy, Gibb’s energy, metabolic applications
Kinetics of reversible and consecutive reactions, chemical equilibrium, equilibrium law
Kinetics of chemical reactions, application to enzymology
Catalysts and biocatalysts, importance for biochemistry
Electrolytic dissociation, dissociation constant, strong and weak electrolytes, biochemical examples
Brönsted’s theory of acids and bases, equilibrium in protolytic reaction biochemical examples
Ionic product of water, pH and its importance for medicine
Ampholytes, isoelectric point, biochemical examples
Buffer solution, pH calculation, importance in human organism
Oxidation and reduction, biochemical examples
Redox potential, dependency on the concentration of the reactants and pH, biochemical examples
Solubility product, biochemical examples
Complex formation, importance for biochemistry and medicine
Inorganic compounds of carbon important for biochemistry
Inorganic compounds of oxygen important for biochemistry, reactive forms of oxygen
Hydrogen and its importance in metabolism
Nitrogen inorganic compounds of biological importance
Sulphur and phosphorus, their compounds of biological and toxicological importance
Biologically and toxicologically important nontransition elements (without macroelements)
Biologically and toxicologically important transition elements
Environmental chemical contamination
Structure of organic compounds, isomerism, examples in metabolic pathways
Relationship between structures and properties of organic compounds, biochemical examples
Medically and toxicologically important halogeno and nitroderivatives of carbohydrates
Medically important sulphur-containing derivatives of carbohydrates
Amines, importance in biochemistry
Alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, biochemical examples
Carboxylic acids, biochemical examples
Esters of carboxylic and inorganic acids, biochemical examples
Functional and substituted derivatives of carboxylic acids, biochemical examples
Importance of oxygen and sulphur-containing heterocycles
Importance of nitrogen-containing heterocycles
Importance of terpenes and alkaloids
Biopolymers, importance for living systems
Proteogenic amino acids
Peptides, peptide, biologically important peptides
Proteins - structure, properties and functions
Conformation of proteins, importance for their biological function
Holoproteins, heteroproteins and metalloproteins
Saccharides, classification, structure, stereochemistry, biological importance
Reactions and derivatives of monosaccharides
Glycosides
Disaccharides, homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides
Proteoglycanes, glycoproteins, structure, properties
Lipids, definition, classification, structure, properties, functions in human organism
Sterols, classification, structure, properties, functions in human organism
II. METABOLISM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Structure of enzymes (coenzymes, oligomeric structure)
Multiple forms of enzymes and isoenzymes
Enzymatic activity, influence of physical and chemical conditions, regulation (expression, allosteric
effects, covalent modification)
Medical application of enzymology
Respiratory chain
Oxidative phosphorylation, substrate level phosphorylation
Energy-rich compounds, drive of endergonic reactions
Citric acid cycle, amphibolic character of the citric acid cycle, regulation
Cell membrane - structure, assembly, function, transport across membranes
Common mechanisms of amino acids conversion, nitrogen balance
Mechanism of transamination, determination of aminotransferases activity
Deamination of amino acids
Formation and detoxification of ammonia, urea cycle and its regulation, hyperammonaemia
Catabolism of the carbon skeleton of amino acids, integration of amino acids into metabolic pathways
Amino acids of pyruvate, oxalacetate and 2-oxoglutarat family, their catabolism
Amino acids of succinyl CoA family, their catabolism
Metabolism of branched amino acids
Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine, defects
Metabolism of tryptophane, major and minor pathways, defects in its resorption
Metabolism of sulphur-containing amino acids
Biosynthesis, biodegradation and function of catecholamines
Conversion of amino acids into special products (formation, conversion and importance of creatine,
formation, conversion and importance of S-adenosylmethionine)
Biosynthesis and biodegradation of the most important biogenic amines
Glycolysis, regulation
Gluconeogenesis, regulation
Degradation and synthesis of glycogen, regulation, defects
Pentose phosphate pathways, regulation
Metabolism of galactose and fructose, defects
Metabolism of glucuronic acid and its metabolic importance
Biosynthesis "de novo" of saturated fatty acids, regulation
Origin of acetyl CoA for biosynthesis of palmitate, palmitate as substrate for synthesis of unsaturated fatty
acids and long-chain fatty acids
Formation of ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA, metabolic causes and importance
Carnitine system, oxidation of fatty acids, energy balance
Biosynthesis, conversion and transport of triacylglycerols
Structure, metabolism and function of phosphatide acid and phospholipids
Biosynthesis of sphingosine, sphingolipids, structure, properties and function in organism
Synthesis and degradation of eicosanoids, cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase pathways
Biosynthesis of cholesterol and its regulation, role of HMG-CoA reductase
Transport of the endogenic and exogenic cholesterol
Conversion and excretion of cholesterol, bile acids
Biosynthesis, degradation and function of steroid hormones
Transport of lipids, role of lipoproteins, structure of lipoprotein particles
Formation, conversion, and role of chylomicrons and VLDL lipoproteins
Formation, conversion, and role of LDL and HDL lipoproteins
Biosynthesis of hem, defects of synthesis, porphyrias
Degradation of tetrapyrroles, hyperbilirubinaemia, jaundices
Pyrimidine nucleotides, metabolism, regulation, defects, inhibitors and their application
Purine nucleotides, metabolism, regulation, defects, inhibitors and their application, hyperuricaemia
„Salvage“ pathways for biosynthesis of nucleotides and regulation of purine nucleotides metabolism,
resorption of N-bases, nucleosides and nucleotides
Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides and its regulation, inhibitors
III. BIOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANS, TISSUES, FUNCTIONS AND REGULATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Regulation and interrelationships between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Digestion and absorption of saccharides
The blood glucose level, regulation, diagnostics (oGTT, glycated haemoglobin)
Hormonal regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolisms
Interrelationships between metabolism of glucose and another nutrients
Cori (TCA) cycle
Utilisation of ketone bodies in extrahepatic tissue
Lipolysis mechanism, regulation, importance
Adipose tissue metabolism
Regulation of heme biosynthesis, differences between hepatocyte and erythroid cell, iron metabolism
Resorption and transport of amino acids
Regulation of metabolism on neurohumoral level – „integrating systems of organism“
Hormonal regulation of metabolism of water and minerals
Hormonal regulation of bone metabolism
Hormonal regulation energy metabolism
Biochemical events in the stomach, secretion of gastric juice and its regulation, properties and function of
mucines, acidoresistant lipases
Biochemical events during nutrients digestion in the small and large intestine, role of pancreas in nutrients
digestion
Biochemical function of hepatocytes and liver, possibility of biochemical diagnostics of damage of
hepatocytes and liver functions
Biotransformation of endogenic and exogenic substances, types of biotransformations, toxic substances and
cancerogenes in the environment
Buffer systems of the organism
Mechanism of action of hydrogencarbonate buffer in the body, importance for acid-base balance
Role of haemoglobin, proteins and phosphates in maintenance of acid-base balance
Compensatory mechanisms of acid-base balance
Blood, composition, importance, function
Metabolism in erythrocytes
Blood clotting
Biochemical functions of kidney, formation of urine
Metabolic fate of collagen
Adhesive glycoproteins of connective tissue
Biochemistry of cartilages and bones
Biochemistry of skin
Contractile apparatus, control of contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle
Biochemistry of vision, Wald’s cycle
Biochemistry of nervous synapse
Receptors, structure and function
Neurotransmitters, classification, function
Role of steroid hormones in the regulation of metabolic processes
Role of peptide hormones in the regulation of metabolic processes
Role of thyroid hormones in the regulation of metabolic processes
Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leucotrienes, hydroxyepoxytrienoic acids
Immunoglobulins, classification, structure
Immunogens and antigens, molecular basis of humoral and cell immune response
Formation of antibodies, reaction of antigen and antibodies, detection methods
Biochemical aspects of nutrition, essential fatty acids and amino acids
Biochemical aspects of nutrition, vitamins and significance of trace elements
Lipid – soluble vitamins
Water – soluble vitamins
Cell membranes, structure and fluidity, bonding of proteins on membrane lipids
Transport of material across membranes, passive and active transport, endocytosis
Transport of material across membranes, ion channels
IV. BASIC CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Signal transduction, membrane receptors and their ligands, G-proteins
Signalling using Ras proteins, cascade of kinases
Activation of phospholipases in signal transduction
NO signalling. Overview of signalling pathways and significance
Signal transduction, intracellular receptors and their ligands, HSP, interactions of intracellular receptors
with DNA
Intracellular communication
Organisation of procaryotic, eucaryotic and mitochondrial genome
Eucaryotic DNA replication, replication apparatus and its regulation
DNA reparation
Transcription of eucaryotic DNA, transcription apparatus and its regulation, cis- and trans-regulation
elements
mRNA, structure, synthesis, posttranscriptional modification, role in translation
Regulation of gene expression at transcriptional level
Genetic code and its properties
Initiating and terminating signals of eucaryotic and procaryotic translation
Structure and function of nucleic acids
Role of tRNA in translation, activation of amino acids, role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
Structure of bacterial and eucaryotic ribosomes, free and membrane ribosomes, polyribosomes and their
role in translation
Phases of eucaryotic and procaryotic translation (initiation, elongation, termination)
Difference in eucaryotic, procaryotic and mitochondrial translation
Regulation of gene expression on translational level, inhibitors of translation, antibiotics as translation
inhibitors
Posttranslational modification of proteins
Protein transport and targeting, modification and sorting of proteins in Golgi apparatus
Biosynthesis of glycoproteins, their structure and significance
Electrophoretic analysis of nucleic acids and proteins, blotting, significance
Restriction enzymes and their application, DNA modification and construction of recombinant DNA
molecules
Genome mapping
DNA cloning in plasmid vectors, construction and screening of genomic library in λ vectors, expression
vectors
Hybridization probes and their labelling
DNA diagnostics using in medicine
Techniques of direct DNA diagnostics
Indirect DNA diagnostics, RFLP
Transfer of foreign genetic information into bacteria and mammalian cells
Gene therapy, transfer of genetic materials in gene therapy
The most important hybridisation technique and their application in clinical diagnostics
Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation
Methods of cell fractionation
Technique of DNA sequencing
Polymerase chain reaction, PCR applications in clinical diagnostics
Amplification of RNA molecules by RT-PCR and application of this technique
Genetic-based diseases and their diagnostics
Hereditary disposition to cancer and its diagnostics
Types of human gene mutations
Hereditary and somatic mutations, polymorphisms, signification and detection
Minisatellite and microsatellite markers and their analysis, DNA fingerprinting
Retroviruses and pararetroviruses, structure and replication
Protooncogenes and tumour - suppressor genes
Cell cycle, cyclin and cdks complexes
Regulation of cell cycle, role of tumour suppressor genes
Apoptosis – initiation, control and effectors phase, death receptors signification and their ligands, caspases
Apoptosis – intrinzic and extrinzic activation pathways, mitochondrion role