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Grammar Terms: Parts of Speech Rhetoric Ms Torchia Articles... the, a, an What is an article? Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns. English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article. the = definite article a/an = indefinite article Copy these sentences onto your worksheet, and circle/highlight all of the articles in different color. 1. The Giants will defeat the Cowboys. 2. An interception will be thrown by a quarterback named Romo. Nouns... : DEF and The people, places, things, IDEAS(abstract nouns) lives. Nouns exist. that fill our Nouns Copy these sentences onto your worksheet, and highlight all of the nouns in different color. 1. Ryan fumbled the football again. 2. Jay threw another interception during the game. 3. The fans all cried in their bratwurst and cheese. 4. The fear of his parents’ wrath stopped him from taking the car. Proper Noun vs Common Noun Look at these two worksheets http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/pro pernoun.htm http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/co mmonnoun.htm Now, look on worksheet at box 2A. If still unclear, look up the difference (google, use a dictionary, etc) Pronouns... Def: Taking the place of nouns (aka-the antecedent) Pronouns take the place of nouns... nothing else. These are PERSONAL. Justin becomes “he.” Miley becomes “she.” This class becomes “we.” Water becomes “it.” The class in 300 becomes “them.” …but…it’s not that simple! There are many different types of pronouns, just like there are many different cuts of beef! Personal Pronouns Copy these sentences onto your worksheet and highlight all of the pronoun in different color. Then please look up other examples of personal pronouns and put them on your worksheet in the side box.. . 1. It came from Crazyville. 2. He was frightened by the smell it gave off. 3. We hit it with a hair piece. Indefinite Pronouns List these on your worksheet everybody/everyone anybody/anyone somebody/someone all/each/every/none/one These pronouns do not substitute for specific nouns but function themselves as nouns These are the pronouns that cause students the most trouble!! “Everybody" feels as though it refers to more than one person. If you think of this word as meaning "every single body," the confusion usually disappears. Copy these sentences onto your worksheet and circle/highlight the indefinite pronoun in different color AND draw a line to the .antecedent it is referring to. 1. Everybody knows that he cannot park in the teachers’ parking lot. 2. Everyone whom I encountered in Boston thought that he was a rock star. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Short answer: personal pronoun + self or selves Myself, yourself, themselves…etc. Verbs... DEF: A word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence The key to remembering verbs is that they are all things we can physically do. Linking verbs are words that show a state of being. Am Are Is Was Were Be Verbs Copy these sentences onto your worksheet and highlight all of the verbs in different color. 1. Tom Brady cried while thinking about the Super Bowl loss. 2. Vikings fans cheer for their team. 3. Vikings fans strongly dislike the team from Green Bay. Linking Verbs The following verbs are true linking verbs: any form of the verb be [am, is, are, was,were, has been, are being, might have been, etc.], become, and seem. These true linking verbs are always linking verbs. Then you have a list of verbs with multiple personalities: appear, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn. Sometimes these verbs are linking verbs; sometimes they are action verbs. How do you tell when they are action verbs and when they are linking verbs? If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have alinking verb on your hands. If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with an actionverb instead. Here are some examples: Sylvia tasted the spicy squid eyeball stew. Sylvia is the stew? I don't think so! Tasted, therefore, is an action verb in this sentence, something Sylvia is doing. The squid eyeball stew tasted good. The stew is good? You bet. Make your own! PART II Adjectives... DEF: a word or phrase naming an attribute, added to a noun to modify or describe it. Adjectives describe the way things look, smell, sound, feel, or taste. They modify nouns. Glee is an annoying show! Fozzie Bear is a fuzzy bear. Glee is a very annoying show! Adjectives Copy these sentences onto your worksheet, and highlight all of the adjectives in different color. 1. The fast running back was named Adrian. 2. The crazy fan was clearly from Boston. 3. The friendly, warm-hearted fan said, “You will never walk alone!” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =a9sFd3Ennhs&feature=fvwrel Adverbs... DEF: a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc.They describe how we do what we do Most of the time, adverbs end in the suffix “ly.” Always is also a popular adverb. They modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Tigger jumps wildly. “Wildly” describes how Tigger jumps. Adverbs Copy these sentences onto your worksheet, and circle/highlight all of the adverbs in different color. 1. Ozzie grabbed his throat forcefully after his team choked. 2. That idea is simply ridiculous. 3. She is almost always busy. Prepositions... DEF: a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element Anything in relation to a Death Star* THINK- Prepositions are always followed, eventually, by a noun (prepositional phrase). Think of yourself in relation to the Death Star. *fictional moon-sized space station and super-weapon appearing in the Star Wars movies and expanded universe. It is capable of destroying a planet with a single destructive energy beam. Prepositions Copy these sentences onto your worksheet, and highlight all of the prepositions in different color. 1. Somewhere over the rainbow, skies are blue. 2. Over the river and through the woods to Grandmother’s house we go. Interjections... Yippee!!!!!!!!!! DEF: a spoken word, phrase, or sound that expresses sudden or strong feeling. They always show emotion. Often used with an exclamation point to show great emotion. Punctuated separately from the rest of the sentence. “Woohoo! I got a doughnut!” Interjections Copy these sentences into your notebook and circle/highlight all of the interjections in different color. 1. Dang, I lost my salamander again. 2. Flippityflop! I stubbed my big toe. 3. Wow, look at the size of those maggots on that meat!