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CHAPTER 3
Geography of Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Subjective Questions with Answers
Q1. Discuss the importance of location of Pakistan in the region.
Answer
Introduction of Pakistan
Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947. Its official name is Islamic Republic of
Pakistan. It has an area of 7,96,096 square kilometers. Islam is the religion of 98% of its
population. Other minorities like Christians, Hindus, Parsis and Ahmadis also live in this
country. Languages like Urdu Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Seraiki, Hindkoh and
English are spoken by the people of this country.
Pakistan is located in South Asia. Pakistan is situated between 23.50o and 37o
latitude (North) and.61° and 75.45o longitude (East). On the North it is bounded by
Himalayas and Hindu Kush chains. Its land is known for fertility and production. All kinds
of fruits grow here. Its population is 15 crore, which is unequally distributed among the
four provinces, FAT A and as ad Kashmir.
Importance of Pakistan's location
The importance is described as under
1. Situation
Pakistan is situated at a prominent place on the globe. It is situated in the region of great
political, economic and military importance. It is surrounded by various mansion
countries. India in the east, China in the north, Iran and Afghanistan in the west and
Arabian Sea located in the south of Pakistan.
2. Importance for middle-east countries
Persian Gulf in located in the south west of Pakistan. The countries like Iran, Kuwait,
Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman and United Arab Emirates are located in
this region. The wealth of oil has enhanced their importance. Pakistan has cordial
relations with these countries.
3 Importance for Afghanistan and central Asian countries
Afghanistan and central Asian countries are land locked countries. They have no seaport except Pakistan's sea-ports. These countries have to go through the land of
Pakistan to reach the sea. Thus they are important in regard to our future needs.
4. Karachi an important sea port
The industrial progress of the western countries depends on the oil of the gulf countries. This
oil is carried through the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Karachi is an important sea-port
of the Arabian Sea. Foreign policy of Pakistan can affect the movement of the oil.
5. Ties with Muslim countries
Pakistan has close relation with Muslim countries of the Middle East and the gulf. Pakistan is
in great number, are rendering valuable services to the government and private organizations
in these countries. Thus they are contributing to the progress of the Muslim world.
6. A centre of the Muslim world
Pakistan is situated in the centre of the Muslim world. To the west of Pakistan, the chain of
Muslim countries includes, Afghanistan, Iran, the countries of Middle East like Saudi Arabia,
the Arab Emirates, Syria Jordan Turkey, the countries of Africa like Egypt, Sudan, Libya,
Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Niger etc. 10 the East of Pakistan there is an other Chain of the
Muslim countries namely Bangladesh; Malaysia and Indonesia. To the North of Pakistan
there is sea, Muslim states recently separated from Russia.
7. Control over warm water
The Russian seas are mostly snow-capped. They are not fit for navigation for the larger part of
the year. She therefore, dreams to get control over the warm waters of Indian sea to take an
active part in the international trade. Pakistan is a hurdle in her way. Thus Pakistan has art
important position in the scene of international trade.
8. Neighbourhood with super powers
There is an other geographical important of Pakistan that IS the neighbourhood with super
powers, to the north west of Pakistan Russia is situated which is the second super power of
the world. To the North of Pakistan' China is situated which is also going to be a super power,
To the East of Pakistan. India, which is a developing world power, is situated.
Due to the neighbourhood with super powers Pakistan has become a strong military and
atomic power.
9. Attachment to American and Western interests
America and Western countries have many basi9 interests in this region where Pakistan is
located. These countries are bound to seek I the help of Pakistan. In order to defend their
interests, they give economic and military aid to make Pakistan a very strong country.
10. Centre of International politics
After the incidents of 9/11 Pakistan has become more important in the international politics.
America is unable to fight against terrorism with out the help of Pakistan. In order to get control
over Afghanistan, America needs Pakistan's help. Pakistan has got an important position to
help America as a front line state in the war against terrorism for this the reason; Pakistan has
been given the status of NON-NATO allied country. .
11. Pakistan in the third world
Pakistan is a great supporter of the unity of the third world countries. The organization of
NON-Aligned countries attach great importance to Pakistan for its useful role in the third world.
Q2. Discuss the mountain ranges of Pakistan in detail.
Answer
Mountains
The mountain is a high land. It is usually more than 900 meter above sea level. It has a broad
base, steep slope and a narrow top.
Mountain Ranges of Pakistan
The mountain ranges of Pakistan are as follows:
1. Northern Mountain Range.
2. Central Mountain Range
3. Western Mountain Range
1. Northern Mountain Range
The mountain range of the Himalayas in the North of Indo-Pak is stretch over the west to
east whose length is 2430 kilometer. It is subdivided into four major mountain range.
i. Sub Himalaya or Siwalik
This mountain range is located in the east of Indus River and its height is about 900 meter.
This is also called Siwalik Hills.
ii. Lesser Himalaya
These mountains are situated in the north parallel to Siwalik Hills. The Pirpunjal Mountain is a
branch chain of lesser Himalayas. Their average height is about 5000 meters.
iii. The central Himalayas
Further to the north of Pripunjal mountain lays the highest range of the Himalayas known as
the Major Himalayas. The peaks of these mountains are covered with snow through out the
year. Nanga Perbat is the highest peak which is about 8126 meters high.
iv. Karakaram Range
These mountains are located in the North West of Himalayas and covers North Kashmir and
Gilgit. The second highest peak is K-2 (Godwin Austin) with its height of 8611 meters. The
valleys of Gilgit and Hunza are located in this range. The peaks of these mountains remain
covered with snow through out the year. Pakistan's Karakaram Highway to china passes
through this range.
v. Hindukush Range
These mountains are located in the north west of Pakistan. It is also called Hindukush Range.
These mountains mostly lie in Afghanistan. The highest peak is called Tirehmir with its height
of 7690 meters. The valleys of Chitral and Dir also located in these mountain ranges.
vi. Swat and Chitral Mountains
Swat and Chitral mountains are located in the Hindukush mountains range. In winter Trahie
remains closed due to heavy snowfall through out the year between Chitral and Peshawar.
2.
Central Mountain Range
These mountains are located in the centre of Pakistan. The central range is further divided into
the following mountains ranges.
i. Salt Range
The salt range starts in the Tilla Jogian and Baksala to the west of the river Jhelum the
average height of the range in 700 meters. Sakerars 1500 meters high is the beautiful place in
this range KallarKahar Lake is also situated in this region.
ii. The Sulaiman Mountains
These mountains are located on the west bank of rivers Indus and extend .to the centre of
Pakistan. Its highest peak is Takh-l-Sulaiman which is about 3374 meters high. The river
Bolan is the main stream in this region. Bolan Pass in also located in this range.
3: Western Mountain Ranges
i. Koh-e-sufaid Range
To the south of river Kabul lies the sufaid Mountain Range running from east to west. The
height of this range is about 3600 meters. It is called Koh-e-sufaid because its peaks are
covered with snow all the year round. There are two famous passes
i.
Khyber pass
ii.
Kurram pass
The Khyber pass connects Peshawar and Kabul. The pass begins at Jamrud and runs for
about thirty seven kilometers up to Torkham. It is situated on the frontier between
Pakistan and Afghanistan. Kohat is connected by Kurram pass with its valley.
ii. Waziristan Hills
The Waziristan Hills Range lies between the Kurram and the Gomal rivers. The Toehi pass is
located in this range. It provides a trade route between Bannu and Ghaz nit. The Gomal pass
provides a trade route between Dera Ismail Khan and Afghanistan. These hills are 10,000
feet high.
iii. Toba Kokar Hills
To the south of Waziristan Hills, the Toba Kokar Hills are located with Pak-Afghan border and
they extend up to Quetta.
iv. Chaghi Hills
These hills are located on the Western Pak-Afghan border. Pakistan tested atomic bombs
on 25th May, 1998 in Chaghi Hills.
v. Ras Koh Range
These low hills are located in the south of Chaghi Hills.
Q3. Write a note on (a) Plateau (b) Plains (c) Valleys
Answer
a) Plateau
There are two Plateaus in Pakistan, which are as follows
i. Potwar Plateau
Potwar plateau is located in the north of salt range and between rivers Indus and Jehlum. The
height of Potwar plateau, ranges, between 300 meters and 600 meters. It has a dry and rocky
surface and is generally poor from agricultural point of view. But it is very rich in minerals.
During the rains several streams wash away the fertile soil. There are two rivers in this area.
Soan and the Haro which flow from North east to South-west. The valley of Soan is well
known for its being a centre of the ancient civilization. A vast area of the Punjab districts of
Rawalpindi, Jehlum and Miari Wali is covered by the Potwar Plateau.
ii. Balochistan Plateau
A plateau is a large area of flat land that is higher than the land around it. This plateau is
located in the west of Sulaiman and Kirthar Ranges. The Balochistan Plateau is a west
rocky desert which lies to the west of Sulaiman and Kirthar ranges. Its average height is
about 610 meters ranging from 600 to 900 hundred meters. The mountains of Toba Kahar
and Changhai separate the Balochistan plateau from Afghanistan. The mountains of Ziarat
and Muslim Bagh are the parts of the Balochistan plateau. The Zhob is a well known river of
the Plateau. There is Lake of Saltish water called Human Markhal. This area is famous for
its precious minerals such as natural gas~ coal, iron and copper. There are also small river
lets and brooks. This area receive scanty rain fall, and the agriculture is, therefore, not
possible. The Plateau, on the whole, has extreme climate.
b) Plains
A vast and leveled part of hind is called a plain. In Pakistan where these are may mountain
ranges, the fertile plains are also there. These fertile plains are made up of fertile soil
deposited by river Indus and its tributaries. These plains extend from Himalayas to Arabian
Sea. Pakistan fulfils its agricultural needs from these plains and exports the excessive
production. These plains and subdivided into four parts.
i. Upper Indus Plain.
ii. Lower Indus Plain
iii. Coastal Plain
iv. Desert
i. Upper Indus Plain
The area from Attock to Mitthan Kot forms the upper Indus plain. Most of the area of Punjab
is included in this plain. The Indus and its five tributaries i.e. the Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chanab
and Jehlum flow South-West and irrigate the upper Indus Plain. The place where these
rivers join together is called Panjab. The plain is mostly fertile. There, are however, few hills
near Sargodha, Chiniot and Sanglah. They are together called Kirana pills. The area to the
west of river Jehlum is called ThaI. In the rainy season, the rivers of the upper .1 Indus plain
are frequently in flood and cause damage to the people, property and crops. The land which
lies between the two rivers is known as "Doab". There are four Doabs in the upper Indus
plain. .
i. Bari Doab
It is the area between the river Beas and the river Ravi.
ii. Rachna Doab
It is the area between the river Ravi and river Chanab.
iii. Chaj Doab
It is the area between the river Chanab and the river Jehlum.
iv. Sindh Sagar Doab
It is the area between the Jehlum and the Indus,
ii. The Lower Indus Plain.
Below Mitthan-Kot, the area .stretching to the Arabian Sea is called the Lower Indus Plain. The
Indus River with all its attributries flows very .slowly and deposits the silt on attributes flows
very slowly and deposits the silt on its bed. Thus the bed has risen above the level of the
sandy plain. Embankments have been built on its banks to save people from the floods. Thar
Desert is the central bank plain. It is the most productive area of Sindh.
In the low Indus Plain, three barrages have been built across the Indus to divert its water into
canals for irrigating land. These canals have brought prosperity to the central plain of Sindh.
But the Eastern part of Sindh is still a desert dotted by sand-dunes
The areas situated on Western side of Indus are comparatively less fertile and most of the
areas lying north-west of the Indus River have been suffering from water logging and salinity.
iii. Coastal Plain
Coastal Plain is situated along the coast of Arabian Sea. These plains are wider to the east
and narrow towards the west due to the mountains. It is a beautiful area. The parts of
Karachi Bin Qasim and Gawadar are located on this coast. It is also useful for tourism.
iv. Desert Plain
Any area that receiver .less than ten inches of rainfall is called a desert. In Sindh Sagar Doab
Thal Desert is located. Large area of it has been irrigated by canals. In the South of
Bahawalnagar, the Cholistan starts, and joins Rajhistan desert in India. In Sindh province
Cholistan joins Thar Desert. Many areas of these deserts have been irrigated with canals.
The north-west of Makran range is the desert area of Balochistan. The annual rainfall is less
than 10 inches, which occurs in winter season. Pakistan can develop this area by constructing
small dams, which will promote agriculture in Balochistan. Economic activities are very limited.
The people are very poor and their condition is pitiable. In Balochistan irrigation is done by the
means of Karaiz.
C) Valleys
Between the mountains and along the rivers, the valleys present a charming seen, which
attracts the tourists from all over the world. The followings are the famous valleys in Pakistan.
Kaghan, Swat, Leepa, Chitral, Hunza, Murree, Ayubia, Nathia Gali and Ziarat are beautiful
valleys. The people go to these hill stations to spend their summer vacations. Government can
earn foreign exchange by promoting these areas. In this way job opportunist can be increased
for the local people.
Q4. In how many temporal zones can Pakistan be divided? Explain each one.
Answer
Temporal Zones of Pakistan
On the basis of temperature variation, Pakistan can be divided into the following four major
zones.
1. Coastal areas of Pakistan
2. Plains of Pakistan
3. Western-mountain ranges
4. Northern mountain ranges
1. The Coastal Areas of Pakistan
The coastal areas of Pakistan have a moderate climate for the whole year. In hot summer
months cool breeze blowing from sea to land keeps the temperature low. In coastal areas the
overage of monthly temperature is 32° c. The hottest months of the year are May, June and
October. In October the temperature becomes very high due to the dry winds blowing from the
south-eastern desert. Although Balochistan is near to Arabian Sea, but the monsoon winds
pass this sea without much rains.
2. Plains of Pakistan.
The plain areas of Punjab and Sindh are situated in the south of the mountains region. Due to
being for away from the sea, these areas have continental type of climate. The temperature
reaches the maximum during summer months and the summers are hot and length. During
day time severe hot winds blow, so out door work becomes difficult. June is the hottest month
of the summer. The winter season in this region is pleasant.
The temperature of northern plains remains moderate due to the monsoon winds but the
southern areas, being deprived of rainfall remain under the hot spell. In the areas of
Jacobabad, Multan, Faisalabad, Lahore, Leiah, Sargodha, and Bhakkar the temperature
rises from 45 degree c 54 degree.
3. Western Mountain ranges
North and North-Western mountainous areas of Pakistan are higher enough form the sea
level.
Here the winters are cold and longer due to higher altitude. During winter months
temperature becomes very low. The temperature often lowers down to freezing point.
Winter season is severe and mountains remain covered with sow. Due to the rains is
summer and snow falls in winter. Rivers originate from here and start flowing towards
south.
4. Northern Mountain Ranges
Summer season is pleasant in these areas. The average temperature remains less than
200e in summer. This provides attraction for the tourist. The people go and spend their
summer vacations on these hill-stations.
The temperature starts falling in September and these areas remain cold till April.
These mountains remain covered with snow. It rains in summer in this area. The snow falls
in winter. Due to this the rivers flow from here towards south.
Q5, Illustrate the effects of climate on human life.
Answer
Effects of Climate on Human life
The climate of a place is the most important factor that affects the life of its people. It also
affects the culture; social life, occupation, agricultural products, animals, birds and day to day
life of the people. Pakistan is a country which has a variety of climate. Therefore, the life of the
people also differs in different parts of the country.
1. Life in Northern Mountains and Western Mountains
Winters are very severe in the Northern mountainous parts of the country. These mountains
are extremely cold in winter. Most of the area is covered with snow. Temperature goes down
below the freezing point. The severe cold affects not only the life of human beings but also
that of animals and the vegetation. The trees are buried under the snow. Out door work is
impossible and the people are shut up in their houses. Women take to embroidery and needlework and men weave baskets. Many men go down to the plains in search of employment.
The normal activities of life start once again when the snow melts in summer. The trees and
plants get new life and the whole area becomes green. The people plough their field and try to
get their harvest ready before the winter sets in. They store food and firewood for themselves
and hay for their cattle to last through the long winter.
Life in Western Mountains
The people living in the western mountains have a very hard life. They are mostly hardworking
people. They rear flocks of sheep or goats and herd of cattle. They keep moving about in
search of grass, natural vegetation and water.
Most of the people of the region make rugs, carpets, skin caps and gloves. In those who are
settled in towns, they follow several trades.
Life in the Indus Plains
The vast plains of the Indus lie to the south of the northern mountainous region. This region
has extreme type of climate. It means that winters are very cold and the summers are very
hot. This type of climate deeply effects the customs and mode of life of the people. In winters
people work hard. In summers it is very difficult to work hard. In summers it is very difficult to
work all day long. So people like to take rest at noon.
The people wear the loose Muslim clothes in summer and thick heavy coarse clothes in
winter. In summer people love to take cold drinks like lassi, Sharbat etc, and in winter they
take tea.
The houses built in cities / are usually spacious and well ventilated. In rural areas the
houses are mostly built of mud.
The soil and climate of plains are quite suitable for agriculture. The plains are relatively
densely populated as compared to the northern areas of the mountains.
In rural areas activities like education, health fuel power etc, I are being developed by
the government. The people rural areas of plains are engaged in agriculture while in cities
people work in the factories and public offices.
.
Thus the climate has a great impact over the life and activities of human beings.
Life in Deserts
The southern areas of Pakistan including parts of Bahawalpur and Khairpur Divisions,
Mianwali and Muzaffar Garh Districts are sand tracts. There, the summer is severe and rain
fall in scan. Dust storms frequently shift the position of sand. The people of this area wear
thick coarse clothes and turbans to escape hot winds. They seldom travel during the day but
at night the camel caravans move across the desert.
Due to Jinnah Barrage people do some firming. Due to the Indus, valley canals, hundreds of
new colonies have grown up in the ThaI and Bahawalpur Division. Some people raise sheep,
goats and cattle. They move from place to place for some fresh pasture.
Life in Balochistan Plateau
The Balochistan Plateau has an extreme climate. Winter \s very severe in most parts of the
region. The people of this region have to sit at home in winter on account of extreme cold and
snow fall. The Balochi women do excellent embroidery. Summer is very hot. The amount of
rain fall is very small. Irrigation water is brought from higher regions, through under ground
canals called karez. The cold and arid climate is particularly suitable for growing apple, peach
and cherry trees. The people of this area rear sheep and goats and herds of camel.
Q6. Define map and what is the required in formation for map reading?
Answer.
Map Reading
The maps are made for the study of earth. Our earth is round like a globe. Maps show the
detailed description of various geographical aspects.
These maps are very useful. Maps are made on small and large scales.
In order to study and understand maps, iris necessary to know the following aspects.
Definition of Map
When the earth or part of it is transferred to a flat sheet of paper, it is called map. In order to
understand the map, the following information is necessary.
i. Definition of Scale
Scale in the ratio between the distances of given points on the map and the distance on the
ground e.g. I inch to ten miles. Scale can be shown in the form of a line and this line is
drawn at base of the map. It is called plains scale.
ii Map Projection.
The transferring of lines of latitudes and longitude from the glob to a plain paper is called map
projection. The extent of any country is shown with the help of longitudes and latitudes. Our
country Pakistan has an extent from 23 ½ degrees north to 37 degree north and 61 degree
east 77 degree east. To make its map, we shall have to draw these lines of reference first.
iii Symbols
The symbols are those features, with the help of which we show roads, mountains, rivers and
cities on the map. City is represented by a dot, road is shown as a red line, rivers and water
bodies are coloured blue and mountains are shown using brown lines called contours
iv Direction
In order to understand the map, the knowledge of direction is necessary. In maps the north will
be on the top, south towards base, east will be to the right and west to the left.
v The lines of reference
Equator, longitudes and latitudes
Longitudes
Longitudes are the lines that intersect the equator and join the north and south poles.
Prime Meridian
Prime meridian that passes through green near London is in the middle of all the meridians of
longitudes. The prime meridian is considered as 0 degree longitudes. The total number of
meridians of longitude is 360 degree.
Latitudes
The latitudes are the lines that are parallel to the equator. There are 90 parallels of latitude in
the north and 90° in the south of equator.
vi Equator
A line in toe middle of North Pole and South Pole that divides the earth into two equal parts is
called equator.
The location of any country is described with the help of longitudes, latitudes and
direction At the same line with the help of symbols we know the location of mountains, areas
irrigated by the rivers and cities.
With the help of scale we can measure the distance between two place scale is shown
on the base of the map e.g. 1 inch to 10 miles or 1 cm to 5 km.
Maps are made on small and large scales. On small scale maps, the information is brief, while
on large scale maps the information is shown in detail. Maps are made for showing distribution
of population agriculture, distribution of industries and physical features etc.
Objective Questions with Answers
Four probable answers are written below. One is correct. Tick the right answer.
1. Which sea is located in the south of Pakistan?
a. Bay of Bengal. b. Arabian Sea
c. Persia Gulf
d. Red Sea
2. What is the minimum, height of a mountain?
a. 500 Meters
b. 800 Meters
c. 600 Meters
d. 900 Meters
3. Which mountain range is located between Pakistan and China?
a. Himalayas
b. Siwaliks
c. Karakaram Range
d. . Hindu Kush Range
4. What is the real name of K-2?
a. Godwin Austin. b. Kam 2
c. Kite 2
d. Kargi
5. Through which pass, Karakaram Highway connects Pakistan with China?
a. Khunjerab Pass b. Khyber Pass
c. Tochi Pass
d. Gomal Pass
6. The Highest Peak of Hindu Kush Range is
a. Nanga Perbat
b. Tirich Mir
c. MaIka Perbat
d. Everest
7. Which mountain range is located in south of Pakistan?
a. Himalayas b. Karakaram Range
c. Kirthar Range
d. Koh-e-Sufaid
8. In which mountain range Pakistan made the nuclear tests on May 28, 1998?
a. Koh-e-Sufaid
b. Chaghi hills.
c. Toba Kakar
d. Koh-e-Sufaid
9. What is the total area of Pakistan?
a. 795095 Square Kilometers
b. 896096 Square Kilometers
c. 696095 Square Kilometers
d. 795096 Square Kilometers
Answer,
1=b, 2=d, 3=c, 4=a, 5=c, 6=b, 7=d, 8=b, 9=d
Fill in the blanks.
1. The province of Pakistan with least population is _______
2. _______ Range is located in the North West of Pakistan.
3. India is located in the ______ of Pakistan.
4. The five rivers of Punjab are Satluj, Ravi,_____ , Jehlum and Indus.
.
5. Area that has less than 250 millimeters of rainfall is called a ____________.
6. The Country located in the North West of Pakistan is ___________.
7. The Kabul River falls into the _______ River near Attock. .
8. One has to cross _________ pass for going to Kabul from Peshawar.
Answers
No. Answer
1.
Balochistan
3.
Cost
5.
Desert
7.
Indus
No.
2.
4.
6.
8.
Answer
Hindukush
Bias
Afghanistan
Khyber
Match column 'A' with column 'B' and write down the answer in column 'C'.
1.
2.
Column A
Relief of Pakistan
Potwar
Column B '.
Mountain Range .
Chaghi
.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Himalayas
Nanga Perbat
Atomic Tests
Bari, Rachna
Thar and ThaI
Kaghan
Temperature
Monsoon
Answer
Four Types
Mountain Range
Chaghi
Desert
Centigrade
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
Doab
Plateau
Desert
Peak
Rain
Four Types
Valle
Centigrade
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
Answer
Plateau
Peak
Doab
Valley'
Rain
Write brief answers. .
1. What is meant by valley?
Answer
The valleys are situated between the mountains and along the rivers. These present a very
charming scene. These attract the tourists from all over the world. In summer days when
heat is unbearable, the people of Pakistan go to these areas to spend their holidays. The
important valleys of Pakistan are
 Kaghan
 Naran
 Sawat
 Ayubia
 Nathia Gali
 Leepa
 Chitral
 Hunza
 Murree
The government can exchange by turning these valleys into tourist's resorts and by
making tourist facilities better here.
2. - What are the reasons of economic unequilibrium?
Answer
Following are the reasons of economic unequilibrium in Pakistan.

The policies of political kept on changing in our country.

Electricity and water crisis in our country shook the confidence of the industrialists.

Increasing population in Pakistan is also a reason of economic instability.

Improper planning of natural resources is a hindrance towards economic development.

Provincialism and racialism creates economic stability.
3. What is Map Projection?
Answer
The demarcation of the longitude and longitude lines is called map projection. This
process is also called drawing lines of reference. For example our country is 23.30 to 37
degree north and 61 to 77 degree east. To draw this extent on the paper is -the map
projection.
4. What are Meridians of Longitude?
Answer
These are the lines that intersect the equator and join the north and south poles.
5. Write down the names of the countries located along the Persian Gulf
Answer
Persian Gulf is situated in the southwest of Pakistan. Pakistan enjoys alliances with
some the Muslim countries of the like Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman etc. these countries possess the wealth of oil. This
enhances their importance. Pakistan has cordial relations with all of these counties.
6. Write about the importance of Afghanistan and Central Asian countries for Pakistan.
Answer
Afghanistan and Central Asian countries are too far away from coastal areas and they are
located adjacent to each other. These countries have to go through the land of Pakistan to
reach the sea. They are famous for their oil and gas fields. They are included among the
agriculturally high production countries. Thus they are important in regard to our future
needs.
The total population of Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and
Kerghstan is ever less than Pakistan through they are six times bigger in area. If we join
these countries with a motorway, it will definitely open the door of fortune for them as well as
for Pakistan.
7. Describe the importance of Northern Mountain.
Answer
Northern Mountain Range
Location of the Northern Mountain Ranges.
Northern range of mountains is located in the north of IndoPak. It is stretched over west to
east. The Mountainous North covers the northern parts of Pakistan and comprises parallel
mountain ranges intervened by narrow and deep river valleys. East of the Indus River, the
mountain ranges in general run from east to west.
Total Length of Northern Mountain Ranges
The total length of mountain ranges is approximately 2430 kilometers.
The sub-Ranges of the Northern Mountain Range
The Northern Areas have some of the world's highest mountain ranges the main ranges are
the Karakaram and the western Himalayas. The Pamir mountains are to the north, and the
Hindu Kush lies to the west.
8. Describe the location of Pakistan.
Answer
Pakistan is situated in a region of great economic, political and military importance. Among its
neighbouring countries are China and Russia which are reckoned to be among the countries
recognized as super powers. Pakistan is situated in continent of Asia between 23.300 and
36.450 latitude (North) and 610 and 75.450 longitude (East). India is situated on Pakistan's
Eastern border; China lies to the North-East while Afghanistan is situated in North-West. In
North, only a narrow belt of 15 miles in Afghanistan, called "Wakhan," separate Pakistan from
Russia. To the West lies Iran and in the South is the Arabian Sea.
9. Define Scale.
Answer.
Scale is the ratio between the distance on the map and the distance on the ground e.g. one
inch to ten miles... this scale will be considered as 1 inch n the map is equal to ten miles on
the ground. Scale can be shown in the form of a line and this line called plain scale, is drawn
at the base of the map.
10. Write down the names of the seasons of Pakistan.
Answer
Following are the seasons of Pakistan.
 Summer Season
 Autumn Season
 Winter Season
 Spring Season
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