Download C2 1.1 Structures and Bonding – Atomic Structure

Edexcel C2
Lesson 2 – The Atom
CCYD
Mrs Barnes
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson you should be able
to :• Label the sub-atomic particles in an atom
• State the mass and the charge of the subatomic particles in an atom
• Define atomic (proton) number and mass
number
• Know how to arrange the electrons in the
shells
G
He used the properties of
elements above and below to
predict a missing elements
properties
H
The positive particle in the
nucleus of an atom is
called a neutron
I
The particle with no charge
in the nucleus is called a
neutron
A
Mendeleev organised his
table by atomic mass
B
He put elements in columns
with matching properties
C
He left gaps when elements
didn’t fit the pattern
D
The rows are called
Periods
J
Negative particle that orbits
the nucleus of an atom is
called the proton
E
The columns are called
Periods
K
The proton orbits in a
shell
L
Negative particle that orbits
the nucleus of an atom is
called the electron
F
Mendeleev used the
properties of elements left
and right to predict a
missing elements
properties
Nucleus
The Nucleus
Nucleus
The Nucleus
Nucleus
•The nucleus is in the middle of the
atom.
•It contains protons and neutrons.
•Almost the whole mass of the
atom is concentrated in the
nucleus.
•But size-wise it’s tiny compared to
the whole atom as a whole
Protons
Neutrons
Shell
Electron
The Electron
Shell
Electron
The Electron
•Electrons move around the
nucleus in shells.
•They’re tiny, but their paths
cover a lot of space.
•Electron shells explain the
Whole of Chemistry.
Shell
Electron
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
P
N
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Pr
Ne
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Pro
Neu
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Proto
Neutr
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Proton
Neutro
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons
Neutron
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons a
Neutrons
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are
Neutrons ar
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are P
Neutrons are
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Po
Neutrons are N
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Pos
Neutrons are Ne
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Posit
Neutrons are Neu
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positiv
Neutrons are Neutr
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutra
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Protons are Positive
Neutrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
rotons are Positive
utrons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
tons are Positive
trons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
ns are Positive
ons are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
are Positive
s are Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
e Positive
re Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
Positive
Neutral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
itive
eutral
e
ral
Sub-atomic Particles
Type of subatomic particle
Mass
Relative
charge
Proton
1
+1
Neutron
1
0
electron
1/2000
-1
The structure of the atom
Particle
Proton
Relative Mass
1
Relative Charge
1
Neutron
Electron
1
0
0
-1
MASS NUMBER = number of
protons + number of neutrons
SYMBOL
ATOMIC (PROTON) NUMBER =
number of protons (obviously)
Pamela andersoN
is MASSive on top
N is for NEUTRONS
P is for PROTONS
Pamela andersoN
is MASSive on top
Atomic Number
• We call the number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom its atomic number or
proton number.
• All the atoms of a particular element have
the same number of protons, they also
have the same atomic number.
• The atomic number of sodium is 11 – and
it has 11 protons in the nucleus.
Which element
has an atomic
number of 14?
Which element
has an atomic
number of 14?
Silicon
Which element
has an atomic
number of 11?
Which element
has an atomic
number of 11?
Sodium
Mass number
• The nucleus contains both protons and
neutrons. Together they are called nucleons.
• If we add the number of protons and neutrons
together it tells us the mass number.
• If you know the mass number and the proton
number, you can work out the number of
protons, neutrons and electrons.
Which element
has an mass
number of 16?
Which element
has an mass
number of 16?
Oxygen
Which element
has an mass
number of 24?
Which element
has an mass
number of 24?
Magnesium
Summary Questions
Atomic
electrons negative neutrons
protons
In the nucleus of atoms there are ……. and ……
Around the nucleus there are …… which have a
…… charge. In the periodic table, atoms are
arranged in order of their …… number.
Summary Questions
Atomic
electrons negative
In the nucleus of atoms there are protons and
neutrons.
Around the nucleus there are …… which have a
…… charge. In the periodic table, atoms are
arranged in order of their …… number.
Summary Questions
Atomic
In the nucleus of atoms there are protons and
neutrons.
Around the nucleus there are electrons which
have a negative charge. In the periodic table,
atoms are arranged in order of their ……
number.
Summary Questions
In the nucleus of atoms there are protons and
neutrons.
Around the nucleus there are electrons which
have a negative charge. In the periodic table,
atoms are arranged in order of their Atomic
number.
• Atoms are always neutral. Explain why this
means that an atom must always contain
the same number of protons and
electrons.
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Element
Hydroge
n
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Element
symbol
Hydroge
n
H
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Hydroge
n
H
1
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Hydroge
n
H
1
1
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Hydroge
n
H
1
1
1
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Hydroge
n
H
1
1
1
0
Number
of
electrons
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Hydroge
n
H
1
1
1
0
1
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Hydroge
n
H
1
1
1
0
1
Helium
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Hydroge
n
H
1
1
1
0
1
Helium
He
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Hydroge
n
H
1
1
1
0
1
Helium
He
4
2
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Hydroge
n
H
1
1
1
0
1
Helium
He
4
2
2
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Hydroge
n
H
1
1
1
0
1
Helium
He
4
2
2
2
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Hydroge
n
H
1
1
1
0
1
Helium
He
4
2
2
2
2
Element
symbol
Mass
number
Atomic
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
Number
of
electrons
Hydroge
n
H
1
1
1
0
1
Helium
He
4
2
2
2
2
Lithium
Etc…..
Electron Arrangement Rules
• The first (inner) shell can only hold 2 electrons
• The first shell must be FULL before you can fill the
second shell
• The second shell can contain 8 electrons
• The first and second shells must be FULL before you
can fill the third shell
• The third shell can hold a maximum of 8 electrons.
• The third shell must be full before you can fill the outer
(4th) shell
• These rules are only true for the first 20 elements –
electron shells get much more complex after that! (Alevel so don’t panic! 