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CHAPTER ONE—TEST
The Sociological Perspective
1.
The sociological perspective:
a) is soft science
b) is inconsistent with Christianity
c) encourages one to take a second look at the taken-for-granted world
d) is just using common sense
2.
According to Comte, “sociology” is:
a) the science of society
b) the study of social stability
c) social criticism
d) how groups can be unpredictable
3.
A fundamental assumption of human behavior from which sociologists work is that:
a) humans are totally determined in what they think and do
b) humans are totally free in what they think and do
c) humans can survive without other people
d) humans are social in nature
4.
Where would a sociological perspective likely develop and flourish?
a) in socially stable areas
b) in areas experiencing social problems
c) in affluent communities
d) in quiet villages
5.
With the onset of ____________, many new challenges for societies were organized around
farming and small town living. Thus, the need for sociology.
a) modernization
b) industrialization
c) technology
d) postmodernity
6.
In gathering data for the use of sociological research, it is imperative that sociologists remain
objective in their ability to think and evaluate. This is otherwise referred to as:
a) socialism
b) neutralism
c) value-neutrality
d) empiricism
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Chapter 1 TEST: The Sociological Perspective
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7.
Mills coined a term that refers to the ability to turn “private problems” into “public issues.” He
refers to this as:
a) privatization
b) sociological imagination
c) publicity
d) empiricism
8.
The Bible tells us that Christ died to cancel out sin. When structures and institutions are built on
(or rooted in. sin, we often refer to this as:
a) institutional sin
b) structural sin
c) cultural sin
d) social sin
9.
Which term below refers to positive and negative behaviors used to guide our behavior?
a) mores
b) norms
c) folkways
d) sanctions
10.
Which term below best describes social behavior that is expected by society?
a) values
b) mores
c) norms
d) folkways
11.
Which sociologist below is noted as the “father of sociology”?
a) Durkheim
b) Marx
c) Mead
d) Comte
12.
Sociology suggests a relationship between the individual and society. It is also a study of the micro
versus the macro. Which well-known sociologist below explores the details of this dyad in depth?
a) Comte
b) Marx
c) Berger
d) Durkheim
13.
When explaining the connection of the individual to society, which element below is not indicative
of this relationship when referring to the individual?
a) behaviors
b) attitudes
c) institutions
d) beliefs
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Chapter 1 TEST: The Sociological Perspective
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14.
When explaining the connection of the individual to society, which element below is indicative of
this relationship when making specific reference to society?
a) behaviors
b) attitudes
c) culture
d) beliefs
15.
Sociologists operate from three basic assumptions. Which one below does not apply?
a) Society changes people.
b) Human beings are social in nature.
c) People change society.
d) Human beings are scientific in nature.
16.
Which of the following disciplines listed below indicates that behaviors contribute to a social
system?
a) psychology
b) biology
c) anthropology
d) sociology
17.
Which of the disciplines mentioned below indicates that it is important to understand the
complexities of the mind over behavior?
a) psychology
b) sociology
c.) anthropology
d) physics
18.
Although we need people, they create problems for us that may interfere with our personal
freedom. This not only counteracts God’s command to “love one another,” but is a prime example
that:
a) society changes people
b) people change society
c) institutions alter people
d) people alter institutions
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CHAPTER TWO—TEST
Sociological Theory and Methods
1.
The theoretical paradigm in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work
together to promote stability is the:
a) structural-functional paradigm
b) social-conflict paradigm
c) symbolic-interaction paradigm
d) social organization paradigm
2.
Marx suggested that societies were structured so as to:
a) promote stability
b) support a Christian society
c) promote peace
d) produce conflict rather than harmony
3.
Durkheim’s ideas formed the basis for which paradigm?
a) structural-functional
b) social-conflict
c) symbolic-interaction
d) social evolutionary
4.
Which of the following is a hypothesis?
a) Men are heavier drinkers than women.
b) Most adolescents enjoy school.
c) Most music groups wear the latest fashions.
d) Few homeless men are married)
5.
According to your textbook, the most common type of survey is:
a) an interview
b) a questionnaire
c) direct observation
d) indirect observation
6.
Which of the following questions is “double-barreled”?
a) Do you feel anomic today?
b) Should the government spend less money on foreign aid and more to thwart
terrorism?
c) Should our defense budget be increased in order to defend our helpless cities from
attack?
d) Should those serving sentences for felonies be allowed to vote while they are in
prison?
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Chapter 2 TEST: Sociological Theory and Methods
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7.
A researcher who rides with a motorcycle gang for a year in order to understand the gang’s social
dynamics is doing __________ observation.
a) detached
b) survey
c) experimental
d) participant
8.
Which of the following types of data often requires the use of content analysis?
a) interview data
b) questionnaire data
c) observational data
d) secondary data
9.
Which theorist exemplifies the social-conflict theory of sociology?
a) Emile Durkheim
b) Karl Marx
c) George Herbert Mead
d) Max Weber
10.
Which of these is not a presupposition of the conflict theory?
a) Conflict is more prevalent than order in a society.
b) Conflict is necessary for social change.
c) Conflict always results in blood loss for one side or the other.
d) When disadvantaged people work together, change can happen.
11.
Marx, like other early social theorists, puzzled over the impact of _______________ in Europe.
a) industrialization
b) religion
c) sociology
d) education
12.
Which of these is not a presupposition of the interactionist theory?
a) Individual social interactions define how we see ourselves and others.
b) Our perception of a social situation changes the way we behave.
c) Individuals interact to create, maintain, and change society.
d) Individuals can be defined without social interactions, but change is unattainable without
interaction.
13.
Which of these sociological theories is a micro-theory?
a) social-conflict theory
b) structural-functionalism theory
c) Christianity theory
d) symbolic-interaction theory
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Chapter 2 TEST: Sociological Theory and Methods
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14.
Which of these is not a step in sociological research?
a) Figure out what each perspective says about the topic.
b) Select a topic.
c) Formulate a testable hypothesis.
d) Analyze data.
15.
Which of these is not a step in sociological research?
a) Choose a method of data collection.
b) Collect data.
c) Publish findings of research when finished.
d) Interpret results.
16.
Which type of study tries to provide accurate information about the way things are?
a) evaluative
b) explanatory
c) predictive
d) descriptive
17.
Which type of study tries to tell why things are the way they are?
a) evaluative
b) explanatory
c) predictive
d) descriptive
18.
Which of these is not a data collection method?
a) surveys
b) observation
c) descriptive analysis
d) secondary data
19.
Which of these is not a widely recognized ethical principle?
a) protection from harm
b) avoiding deception
c) privacy protection
d) payment
20.
The different social perspectives ________________ one another.
a) oppose
b) complement
c) negate
d) survive
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CHAPTER THREE—TEST
Human Culture
1.
Americans generally disdain the Taliban requirement that all women must be completely veiled
before they leave their homes. This disdain is an example of:
a) ethnocentrism
b) ethnomethodology
c) cultural relativity
d) culture shock
2.
The values of a society are very important because they:
a) influence the content of its norms
b) are determined by its norms
c) are less abstract than norms and folkways
d) rarely, if ever, conflict with one another
3.
The Colonial Americans felt it was their obligation to “civilize the savage American Indians.” This
was an example of:
a) ethnocentrism
b) internalization of norms
c) cultural relativism
d) cultural integration
4.
Expected behaviors within a particular culture are:
a) beliefs
b) values
c) norms
d) symbols
5.
The American agreement that being thin is beautiful is a:
a) value
b) norm
c) symbol
d) cultural relativity
6.
Which of the following is true?
a) Humans are prisoners to their cultures.
b) The world is shaped by biological determinants.
c) Culture can only help our well-being.
d) Humans shape culture.
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Chapter 3 TEST: Human Culture
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7.
Opponents of abortion claim that “abortion is murder” and are thus appealing to American:
a) folkways
b) mores
c) cognitive culture
d) material culture
8.
When a businessman wears a suit and tie even on a hot day, he is demonstrating the power of:
a) mores
b) folkways
c) laws
d) ideal norms
9.
Rewards used for compliance of informal and formal norms produce:
a) positive sanctions
b) negative sanctions
c) proxemics
d) stereotypes
10.
The practice of shunning someone who has violated a cultural norm is an example of:
a) positive sanctions
b) negative sanctions
c) proxemics
d) stereotypes
11.
The _____________ takes a hard look at the ways in which culture is used to oppress and
dominate people.
a) structural-functional perspective
b) conflict perspective
c) interaction perspective
d) Christian perspective
12.
The ______________ takes a look at how meanings are created through symbolic cultural rituals.
a) structural-functional perspective
b) conflict perspective
c) interaction perspective
d) Christian perspective
13.
The ___________ says that culture gives us answers to the ultimate questions of meaning.
a) structural-functional perspective
b) conflict perspective
c) interaction perspective
d) Christian perspective
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Chapter 3 TEST: Human Culture
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14.
A ___________ is a portion of the population who, while sharing some of the ways of the
dominant culture, has its own distinct norms, values, and symbols.
a) counterculture
b) stereotype
c) subculture
d) deviant culture
15.
_________________ are alternative groups within the larger society.
a) countercultures
b) stereotypes
c) subcultures
d) deviant cultures
16.
A cultural ____________ is an idea about an individual based on preconceived, standardized
characteristics that have been generalized to a whole category of people.
a) stereotype
b) proxemic
c) symbol
d) norm
17.
As Christian sociologists, we want very much to:
a) be sensitive to our biblical principles, but not at the expense of cultural differences
b) be sensitive to cultural differences, but not at the expense of our biblical principles
c) be sensitive to our biblical principles at the expense of cultural differences
d) be sensitive to cultural differences at the expense of our biblical differences
18.
A____________ is a comprehensible body of beliefs about how the world is organized, as
represented in its myths, religious ceremonies, social behaviors, and value systems.
a) symbol
b) social Control
c) worldview
d) norm
19.
_____________ are objects that are given an arbitrary meaning upon which members of a culture
generally agree.
a) proxemics
b) norms
c) social controls
d) symbols
20.
_____________ are ways in which individual behavior is directed toward a socially acceptable
standard.
a) proxemics
b) norms
c) social controls
d) symbols
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CHAPTER FOUR—TEST
Social Structure, Groups, and Organizations
1.
In Ratcliff’s school hallway research, the manifest function of the hallway was to:
a) enable children to avoid class
b) allow children to see friends
c) transfer children from one area of the school to another area
d) carry messages between classes
2.
According to Ratcliff, the school hallway promotes conflict by:
a) creating tensions between students
b) allowing teachers to impose authority on the students when they are made to walk in
a line
c) allowing children to expend pent-up energy
d) displaying student work
3.
The status of “college student” is which of the following?
a) role
b) master status
c) achieved status
d) ascribed status
4.
Rebecca is an excellent lawyer but finds she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is
experiencing:
a) role conflict
b) role strain
c) role ambiguity
d) role set
5.
Laura is a professional bowler who owns a bowling alley. She loves to bowl but hates the details of
running a business. Laura is experiencing:
a) role conflict
b) role strain
c) role ambiguity
d) role exit
6.
A pastor may be highly respected by the community, but not well paid. This is an example of:
a) role playing
b) status inconsistency
c) structural-functional perspective
d) ascribed status
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Chapter 4 TEST: Social Structure, Groups, and Organizations
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7.
What is the term for the process by which a society creatively shapes its own reality through social
interaction?
a) reality construction
b) social construction of reality
c) interactive reality
d) creative reality
8.
A collection of people that has little or no self-identity and that does not interact with a common
goal or purpose is called:
a) an aggregate
b) a group
c) a social group
d) a mass
9.
Apply Cooley’s criteria for primary groups. Which of the following is the best example of a
primary group?
a) a large church
b) a corporate board meeting
c) a family gathering for Christmas
d) a high school reunion
10.
You have been invited to speak at the local Lions Club) Based on Cooley’s approach, you would
be speaking to a(n):
a) close group
b) primary group
c) emotive group
d) secondary group
11.
A student compares his test score to others in his class. He is using his class as what type of group?
a) outsider group
b) reference group
c) authority group
d) emulation group
12.
What term refers to an organizational model rationally designed to perform complex tasks
efficiently?
a) formal organization
b) complex organization
c) bureaucracy
d) social organization
13.
You are assigned to analyze patterns of power and responsibility in an organization. Your function
relates to:
a) specialization
b) hierarchy of offices
c) rules and regulations
d) technical competence
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Chapter 4 TEST: Social Structure, Groups, and Organizations
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14.
Which is not an example of a bureaucracy according to Weber’s criteria?
a) McDonald’s
b) a college
c) your study group
d) a grocery store
15.
According to Moberg’s analysis, the beginning phase of church development is marked by:
a) conservation
b) institutionalization
c) maximal efficiency
d) functional base
16.
According to Moberg, as a church becomes more structured:
a) it may become more like a machine that has little meaning or purpose
b) it will have fewer regulations
c) more people will be totally committed to the church teachings
d) symbols and rituals will become more meaningful
17.
According to Ritzer, the American emphasis on efficiency, quantification, rules, and control has
brought about a trend called:
a) ritualization
b) rationalization
c) McDonaldization
d) hamburgization
18.
McKenna sees bureaucratization as healthy to modern churches because:
a) leaders are chosen and promoted because they are well liked
b) all church workers are very competent in their jobs
c) regional or district leaders assist individual churches in troubleshooting
d) one person controls the whole organization
19.
Bureaucracies become dysfunctional when every employee tends to rise to a level of
incompetence. This is called:
a) Parkinson’s law
b) McDonalization
c) the Peter Principle
d) institutionalization
20.
Which is not a characteristic of bureaucracy, according to Weber?
a) centralization of authority
b) hierarchical chain of command
c) rationality
d) charismatic leadership
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CHAPTER FIVE—TEST
Socialization
1.
Socialization is a:
a) biological process of psychological evolution
b) process through which an individual is shaped by his or her society
c) biological process of unfolding human instincts
d) psychological development of biological capabilities
2.
According to Cooley, the social self is:
a) composed of a basic self-feeling that is then shaped and given specific content
through interactions with important others, especially within primary groups
b) one’s personality
c) the behavioral adaptations to the environment
d) the normal emotions that develop in a fixed sequence
3.
Charles H. Cooley’s “looking-glass self” is formed:
a) from imagining how we appear to other people
b) as the product of fixed sequence, much the same way emotions develop
c) after initial biological and psychological needs have been satisfied
d) by taking the roles of significant and generalized others
4.
According to George H. Mead, the “me” is:
a) unrestrained impulses and drives found in every normal person
b) the socialized self, composed of the internalized attitudes of others
e) the component of the personality that resolves conflicts between the ego and social
demands from significant others
d) emotional capacities of the individual that develop in a rather fixed sequence
5.
The universal norms or expectations of roles within society are:
a) “me”
b) significant others
c) generalized others
d) reference others
6.
The first and most influential agent of socialization is:
a) the family b
b) the school
c) peers
d) generalized others
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Chapter 5 TEST: Socialization
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7.
We often refer to an organization of perceptions about who and what kind of person
one is as:
a) socialization
b) internalized norms
c) self-concept
d) identification
8.
Just as a mirror reflects a reverse image, one’s perception of oneself is never direct, but rather is a
reflection. When you become a new creature of Christ, your self becomes a reflection of Christ.
Which theory does this statement emphasize?
a) impression management
b) Cooley’s looking-glass self
c) emergence of self
d) self-presentation
9.
Individuals who play an influential role in the formation of the self—generally parents, peers, role
models, and lovers—are referred to as:
a) generalized others
b) significant others
c) socialized others
d) external locus of control
10.
During an individual’s normal developmental process, isolation may result from external or social
conditions. These situational isolations often produce a feeling of being tossed around without a
compass for guidance. This feeling, which is also the lack of enduring relationships needed to
provide guidelines for behavior, is referred to as:
a) social survival
b) role playing
c) game playing
d) anomie
11.
As the founder of psychoanalysis, Freud played a significant sociological role in the area of
unconscious motivations. Which item below is not critical in his theoretical analysis of the conflict
between individual and society?
a) the role of ego defenses
b) the construction of the self as a cultural being
c) the general concept of the conscious self
d) the concept of role distance
12.
Which theorist was most influential in suggesting the possibility of continual personal change and
growth throughout the life cycle?
a) Piaget
b) Erikson
c) Kohlberg
d) Mead
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Chapter 5 TEST: Socialization
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13.
Which theorist stands out for his ability to research children and the development of their moral
character?
a) Goffman
b) Piaget
c) Kohlberg
d) Freud
14.
Which of the following constitutes the most powerful agent of socialization?
a) peers
b) religion
c) mass media
d) family
15.
Which sociological perspective suggests that schools reinforce the diverse aspects of society,
especially those of social class?
a) postmodern
b) functionalist
c) symbolic-interactionist
d) conflict
16.
Religion provides the bonds that often transcend the personal and divisive forces in society. It is
referred to as an integrative force. This emphasizes:
a) postmodernity
b) symbolic-interactionism
c) functionalism
d) anticipatory socialization
17.
Sharon carefully constructs her “presenting self” in order to influence the reactions of role partners
and to control a situation. Goffman theoretically would refer to this style as:
a) self-concept survival
b) impression management
c) ego defense
d) rationalization
18.
Your professor asks you to do an inventory of your personality traits. You would explore such
aspects of your life as behaviors learned from family, peers, even church. This is notably labeled:
a) anticipatory socialization
b) resocialization
c) emergence of self
d) socialization
19.
Which sociologist determined that a child develops the ability to internalize expectations brought
about through play and games?
a) Mead
b) Cooley
c) Piaget
d) Goffman
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20.
Chapter 5 TEST: Socialization
Name________________________________________
Which sociologist reported the best documented case of near-feral children, Anna and Isabelle,
supporting the premise that those brought up in isolation are unable to experience a “normal”
socialization process?
a) Lawrence Kohlberg
b) Erik Erikson
c) Kingsley Davis
d) George Herbert Mead
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CHAPTER SIX—TEST
Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
1.
A gang member, being economically deprived, may be interested in an alternate road to wealth via
drug sales. This illustrates what type of deviance, according to Merton’s typology?
a) innovation
b) ritualism
c) retreatism
d) rebellion
2.
Using R. K. Merton’s paradigm, classify the deviance type illustrated by Osama bin Laden:
a) innovation
b) ritualism
c) retreatism
d) rebellion
3.
According to Travis Hirschi’s social bond theory, four types of social bonds decrease the
likelihood of deviance. Select the response that does not apply:
a) involvement
b) attachment
c) commitment
d) autonomy
4.
Which theory is evident in discussing the etiology of deviance, but places more emphasis on the
manner in which society views the act itself?
a) differential association
b) strain theory
c) labeling theory
d) conflict theory
5.
Civil laws involving behaviors that harm people, but not society, are also referred to as public
wrongs. Which one of the items below does not apply?
a) invasion of privacy
b) trespass
c) prostitution
d) libel
6.
Which one of the following is not considered to be a form of formal social control?
a) correctional institutions
b) courts
c) police
d) peers
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Chapter 6 TEST: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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7.
According to Merton’s typology, which category below describes a typical student working in a
legitimate position on a college campus?
a) innovation
b) conformity
c) retreatism
d) ritualism
8.
Merton suggests a category of deviants whose primary objective is to avoid detection, as opposed
to simply changing their norms. Which term best describes these individuals?
a) deterrants
b) criminals
c) nonconformists
d) aberrants
9.
Christians are seemingly more likely to conform to the norms of society. A great part of this is due
to strong societal bonds, which deter them from the desire to commit crime. Which theory below is
evidence of this?
a) detachment theory
b) labeling theory
c) differential association
d) social bond theory
10.
According to Walter Reckless, which social class below is more likely to fit into the framework of
his containment theory?
a) middle-upper class
b) upper-upper class
c) lower class
d) middle class
11.
Sutherland attempts to underscore the importance of interpersonal relationships in delinquent
behavior. In this endeavor, Sutherland suggests that individuals adopt and conceptualize a
Christian perspective to deviant behavior. What level of analysis does he emphasize?
a) macro
b) meso
c) micro
d) mega
12.
According to Lemert, deviance may become part of one’s self-concept. When a person begins to
view himself as deviant and thus begins to orient his life around that deviant status, this is referred
to as:
a) primary deviance
b) social exclusion
c) spoiled identity
d) secondary deviance
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Chapter 6 TEST: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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13.
In accordance with the UCR, which type below is most likely to commit crime?
a) working-class, urban, nonwhite male
b) lower-class, nonwhite female
c) lower-class, urban, nonwhite male
d) lower-class, urban, white male
14.
Which of the categories below is not an example of the Part II offenses listed in the UCR?
a) forgery
b) larceny
c) counterfeiting
d) embezzlement
15.
According to the UCR, it has been reported that “those persons most likely to engage in serious
crime are also most likely to be its victims.” Which category below best fits this statement?
a) young, nonwhite, lower-class males
b) young, nonwhite, lower-class, urban males
c) young, nonwhite, working-class, urban males
d) young, nonwhite, lower-class, urban females
16.
It is believed that four suggestions have been offered in the criminal justice system for the purpose
of controlling deviance, thus promoting stability to society in the social control of crime. Name
one in the list below that does not apply:
a) rehabilitation
b) deterrence
c) retribution
d) capital punishment
17.
White-collar crime is often a form of respectable crime committed by persons of high social status
in the course of the occupation. Another term for this is:
a) elite deviance
b) primary deviance
c) secondary deviance
d) techniques of neutralization
18.
Which theory below suggests that deviance is learned through social interaction in primary
groups?
a) differential reinforcement
b) differential association
c) differential anticipation
d) differential identification
19.
Glasser posits the question, “With whom does a given individual identify?” He suggests that
persons who identify with deviant behavior are more likely to engage in it as well. Which two of
the four terms below apply?
a) differential anticipation
b) differential association
c) differential identification
d) differential association
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CHAPTER SEVEN—TEST
Social Stratification
1.
Which of the following is not a basis for social stratification in the United States?
a) skin color
b) sexual orientation
c) hair color
d) occupation
2.
Where are the highest rates of poverty in the United States?
a) among Blacks and Hispanics
b) among Whites
c) in urban areas
d) in the Northeast
3.
Families headed by _______ experience the greatest likelihood of poverty.
a) divorced mothers
b) divorced fathers
c) unwed mothers
d) widowed fathers
4.
From a functional perspective, poverty exists because of:
a) the society as a whole
b) the welfare system
c) poor schools
d) the poor themselves
5.
According to functional theory:
a) stratification is necessary and inevitable
b) the more important positions should have special rewards
f) through stratification, society assures itself that the most important positions are
filled by the most competent people
d) all of the above
6.
According to conflict theory:
a) a social order is based on group dominance and organized coercion
b) stratification fosters hostility
c) social rewards should be more equally distributed among the members of society
d) all of the above
7.
Which of the following statements best describes the class structure of American society?
a) social class divisions do not exist
b) class divisions do exist, but only horizontal mobility is possible
c) class divisions do exist, but a significant degree of upward mobility is possible
d) classes are rigidly stratified and no mobility is permitted
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Chapter 7 TEST: Social Stratification
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8.
Which of the following is used most often to indicate general class lines for the United States as a
whole?
a) family name
b) residential area
c) income level
d) years of school completed
9.
According to Marx, class divisions are structured by:
a) the church
b) the state
c) economic conditions
d) tradition
10.
The statement, “The rich get richer and the poor get poorer because the rich know how to keep the
poor in their place,” illustrates which of the following perspectives?
a) sociological
b) evolutionary
c) functional
d) conflict
11.
The theorist who stressed power and prestige as well as economic interests in his definition of
class was:
a) Karl Marx
b) Robert Merton
c) Max Weber
d) Billy Bob Klutz
12.
In his theory of class struggle, Marx predicted:
a) the oppression of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie
b) revolution and victory of the proletariat
c) the eventual establishment of a classless society
d) all of the above
13.
In Marx’s theory of class conflict, those who own the means of production were called the:
a) proletariat
b) bourgeoisie
c) revolutionaries
d) sociologists
14.
In his approach to defining class, Weber stressed:
a) economic interests
b) power and prestige
c) the inevitability of class levels
d) all of the above
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Chapter 7: TEST Social Stratification
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15.
“Climbing the ladder to success” is an indication of:
a) horizontal mobility
b) territorial movement
c) political recognition
d) vertical mobility
16.
Moving from office boy to corporation president is an example of:
a) horizontal mobility
b) unbelievable pull
c) vertical mobility
d) the Impossible Dream
17.
Upward mobility occurs more often in:
a) a caste system;
b) an estate system
c) a class system
d) a society with no pattern of social recognition
18.
Most Americans classify themselves as being in:
a) the upper class
b) the middle class
c) the lower class
d) no class
19.
When most Americans say they favor equality, they mean:
a) complete social equality
b) complete economic equality
c) equality of result
d) equality of opportunity
20.
A child who achieves a higher class position than his/her parents is demonstrating:
a) intergenerational mobility
b) intragenerational mobility
c) bad taste
d) incredible luck
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CHAPTER EIGHT—TEST
Race and Ethnic Stratification
1.
Irish-Americans are an example of a:
a) dominant group
b) ethnic group
c) racial group
d) gender group
2.
The essential characteristic of a minority group is:
a) the discriminatory treatment experience
b) the differential but equal treatment its members receive
c) that its members receive racially or ethnically based scholarships
d) its small size relative to the rest of society
3.
Which of the following would not qualify as a minority group in contemporary American society,
according to the sociological definition of the term?
a) homosexuals
b) the elderly
c) people with disabilities
d) Italian-Americans
4.
What is the most impoverished minority group in the United States?
a) Southeast Asians
b) Native Americans
c) African Americans
d) Hispanics
5.
A(an) _______________ is determined by inherited physical characteristics, such as skin
pigmentation, hair textures, eye shape and color:
a) dominant group
b) ethnic group
c) racial group
d) gender group
6.
Racial and ethnic stratification functions to protect the privileges of the _________:
a) dominant group
b) ethnic group
c) racial group
d) gender group
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Chapter 8 TEST: Race and Ethnic Stratification
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7.
Which of these is not a characteristic of minority groups?
a) They exhibit distinct differences from the dominant group in some way.
b) They compete with the dominant group for scarce resources.
c) They are less powerful than the dominant group.
d) They are more self-centered than the dominant group, with a greater “I-feeling.”
8.
Which of these is not an element of an ideology?
a) identifies social problem
b) identifies a cause of a social problem
c) identifies a solution to a social problem
d) keeps the struggle a secret from society
9.
Discrimination results from the social structure, according to the:
a) conflict theory
b) structural-functional theory
c) interactionist theory
d) Christian theory
10.
If the minority group adopts the dress, language, and behavior of the majority group,
__________is taking place:
a) assimilation
b) pluralism
c) segregation
d) extermination/genocide
11.
When the dominant group kills the minority group, ____________ is occurring:
a) assimilation
b) pluralism
c) segregation
d) extermination/genocide
12.
A minority group’s adaptation to the dominant society that stops short of full assimilation is called:
a) assimilation
b) pluralism
c) segregation
d) extermination/genocide
13.
__________________ is separation of ethnic groups, best exemplified by Native Americans and
the early treatment they received from the dominant group:
a) Assimilation
b) Pluralism
c) Segregation
d) Extermination/Genocide
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14.
Which of these does not reflect one’s ethnic group?
a) language
b) names
c) dress
d) skin pigmentation
15.
_______________ is differential or special treatment of a particular group or group members on
the basis of perceived physical, behavioral, and/or belief differences:
a) Prejudice
b) Discrimination
c) Extermination/Genocide
d) Pluralism
16.
The apartheid system of South Africa categorized people according to their :
a) gender
b) religion
c) race
d) blood type
17.
Ethnic groups have enriched American society enormously, as is evident in all of the following
except _______________:
a) eye shape
b) city names
c) house styles
d) music
18.
Which of these ethnic groups does not fall into the classification of Caucasian?
a) German-American
b) French-American
c) Swedish-American
d) Mexican-American
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CHAPTER NINE—TEST
Gender and Society
1.
The lifelong process whereby people learn the values, attitudes, motivation, and behavior
considered appropriate for each sex in their culture is known as:
a) sex-role determination
b) gender-role socialization
c) cultural socialization
d) gender identification
2.
Traditionally, female socialization has led girls to place highest value on:
a) career goals
b) marriage goals
c) religious beliefs
d) athletic prowess
3.
Alumni studies of MBA graduates from Indiana Wesleyan University indicate that females have
opportunities comparable to male graduates, except at high-level executive positions where men
far outnumber women. This is an example of:
a) the “glass ceiling”
b) the “closed top”
c) discrimination
d) the “ceiling of upper management”
4.
Sex is:
a) an ascribed status
b) an achieved status
c) determined at conception by differing chromosomes
d) both a and c
5.
______________ occurs when opportunities are limited based on one’s sex:
a) Gender identification
b) Gender-Role stratification
c) Sex-Role determination
d) Gender stratification
6.
The leading movement calling for changes to rectify the inequality surrounding gender is called:
a) socialization
b) institutional sexism
c) feminism
d) gender role socialization
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Chapter 9 TEST: Gender and Society
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7.
The term that means having characteristics of both a female and a male is:
a) androgyny
b) sex
c) feminism
d) gender specification
8.
A reaction to sexist attitudes in society—the belief that women have been subordinated and must
be given equal opportunities and status in all areas and institutions in society—is known as:
a) discrimination
b) prejudice
c) feminism
d) institutional sexism
9.
The characteristic that a society considers appropriate for males and females is known as:
a) sex
b) culture socialization
c) gender
d) sex role determination
10.
Practices within a social organization which systematically discriminates against men or women,
making it difficult to achieve equality, are examples of:
a) institutional sexism
b) gender-role socialization
c) institutional socialization
d) cultural socialization
11.
Masculinity/Femininity is the ___________________ of being male or female, as determined and
taught by society:
a) gender socialization
b) social image
c) self-fulfilling prophecy
d) cultural perspective
12.
Robert K. Merton’s theory of the process of becoming what you are predicted to be is called:
a) androgyny
b) self-fulfilling prophecy
c) fortune telling
d) philosophy
13.
Sex is the _____________ characteristic of being male or female:
a) biological
b) determined
c) achieved
d) ascribed
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Chapter 9 TEST: Gender and Society
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14.
____________ is the belief that one sex is superior to the other and thereby entitled to exploit the
other sex through stereotyping, work discrimination, laws, family, and other systems:
a) Feminism
b) Masculinism
c) Androgyny
d) Sexism
15.
The textbook says the most blatant way our language ignores or excludes women is:
a) by calling them women
b) through social image
c) through using “generic” terms such as “he” and “man”
d) by androgyny
16.
Gender role socialization is influenced by which of the following:
a) a child’s rate of development, especially in the later years
b) whether or not the child has contact with his or her paternal and maternal
grandparents
c) toys, books, games, and bedroom decorations to which the child has been exposed
d) the amounts of certain hormones that are produced in each child
17.
Studies that look at the differences in the way that males and females play have shown that:
a) boys tend to be more competitive in their play and girls tend to be more cooperative
b) boys tend to be more cooperative in their play and girls tend to be more competitive
c) boys and girls show no real difference in their play until they reach school age
d) girls are more likely to be antisocial than boys
18.
On the traditional college campus there is great pressure from peer culture for women to focus
more on beauty, romance, and social activities instead of academic achievement and career
decisions that will affect their future. Due to this, it is no wonder that:
a) women feel that there is little need to attend college
b) women with high career success are often seen as incompetent
c) women who graduate from college tend to earn considerably less in their lifetimes
than men
d) both a and c
19.
Men, as well as woman, have problems associated with gender. Which of these problems that men
face is not discussed in the textbook?
a) There is a strain to have to act tougher, stronger, and more competent than they really
feel inside.
b) There is the strain of having masculine status depend on success at work and in social
activities (e.g., sports).
c) The older they get, the more inferior they feel to other men.
d) Men feel a need to provide well for their wives and families.
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CHAPTER TEN—TEST
Aging
1.
After formation, cohorts usually:
a) remain the same
b) grow
c) grow, but only if sufficient financial resources are available
d) shrink
e) none of the above
2.
Which event is most likely to lead to a social definition of a person as “old”?
a) divorce
b) widowhood
c) child launching (becoming an “empty nest” couple)
d) placement in a nursing home
e) hospitalization for heart trouble
3.
The proportion of older people who currently reside in nursing homes is approximately:
a) 5%
b) 10%
c) 20%
d) 40%
e) 50%
4.
Which of the following raises the risk of an older person being institutionalized?
a) advanced age
b) broken hip
c) living alone
d) Alzheimer’s disease
e) all of the above
5.
Community based long-term care includes:
a) adult day care, home health care, hospice
b) hospice, adult day care, nursing home placement
c) nursing home placement, home health care, hospice
d) respite care, nursing home placement, hospice
e) none of the above
6.
Which statement best illustrates age norms?
a) “He’s a real man.”
b) “Girls can’t play football.”
c) “African Americans are good dancers.”
d) “Grow up.”
e) all of the above
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Chapter 10 TEST: Aging
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7.
Negative attitudes and behaviors toward older people based on their chronological age is called:
a) gerontology
b) ageism
c) age norms
d) age stratification
e) institutionalization
8.
Matilda Riley’s theory of age stratification identifies three processes for studying age and social
organization. Which of the following is not one of them?
a) individual aging
b) cohort flow
c) demographic transition
d) changing age structures
9.
Older adults are more likely than younger adults to manifest high levels of participation in:
a) religious activities
b) crime
c) voluntary associations
d) all of the above
e) a and c only
10.
Which theory posits that more active older adults are also more satisfied with life?
a) activity theory
b) age stratification theory
c) disengagement theory
d) rational choice theory
e) symbolic-interactionist theory
11.
When people die shortly after retirement, it is usually the case that:
a) retirement leads to rapid health decline and, eventually, death
b) retirement and death are not related
c) their failing health before retirement led to both the retirement and death
d) work prevented the death
12.
Sociological research has helped us better understand that older people are:
a) survivors
b) living in institutions
c) diverse
d) a and b only
e) a and c only
13.
The total chance of institutionalization among older people in the United States is approximately:
a) 5%
b) 10%
c) 25%
d) 40%
e) 50%
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Chapter 10 TEST: Aging
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14.
From the present to 2025, the highest rates of population aging in the world will occur among:
a) European nations
b) less developed nations
c) more developed nations
d) democratic nations
e) those nations that are older now
15.
Consider the following table:
Assessed Health Status among Three Categories of Older Adults
Which of the following is true?
a) Positive health assessments are twice as likely among people 65-74 than among
people 85+.
b) Most older people report being in fair or poor health.
c) Positive health assessments are twice as likely among people 85 years or older than
among people 65-74.
d) Health assessments among people 85 years or older are quite diverse—about equal
proportions say their health is either (1) excellent or very good, or (2) fair or poor.
16.
Shared expectations of appropriate behavior for people at a given life stage are called:
a) cohorts
b) age strata
c) age norms
d) age demagogues
e) none of the above
17.
The proportion of the U.S. population 65 years of age or older in the year 2020 will probably:
a) be similar to the proportion in Florida in 1995
b) be less than today
c) change little from the 1995 proportion for the United States
d) reach 50 percent
e) none of the above
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Chapter 10 TEST: Aging
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18.
Medical care expenses for most Americans are greatest:
a) in the first two weeks of their lives
b) in the last two weeks of their lives
c) when they use home health care services
d) a and c
e) b and c
19.
In comparison to contemporary American society, death during nineteenth-century America was
much more likely to occur:
a) at later stages of the life course
b) at earlier stages of the life course
c) in hospitals
d) in nursing homes
e) a and d
20.
The leading cause of death in the United States for people 65 years of age or older is:
a) heart disease
b) AIDS
c) diabetes
d) cancer
e) none of the above
21.
Which of the following is false?
a) The population of the United States is aging.
c) The proportion of the U.S. population over 85 years of age will decline in the next
twenty years.
d) The proportion of the U.S. population over 85 years of age will increase in the next
twenty years.
d) Life expectancy at birth is higher in the United States than in Eastern Europe.
e) The world’s population is aging.
22.
An unequal distribution of social resources based on chronological age is called:
a) an age norm
b) cultural lag
c) the Protestant ethic
d) an age-enclave economy
e) age stratification
23.
While in her late twenties, Pat Moore disguised herself as an older person and engaged in a
participant-observation study. Among her conclusions, she found that in American society:
a) ageism has been virtually eliminated
b) older people are almost always treated with respect and deference
c) ageism is still prevalent
d) older women are treated with respect, but not older men
e) none of the above.
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Chapter 10 TEST: Aging
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24.
Studying the relationship between population and social processes is referred to as:
a) census tracking
b) demography
c) ecological analysis
d) gerontology
e) epistemology
25.
Americans born between 1947 and 1960 often found themselves in crowded schools and facing
stiff competition for higher education and jobs. This is probably best explained by the fact that
they:
a) are aimless, without clear goals
b) are members of a minority group
c) need competition to achieve their goals
d) are members of a relatively large cohort in American society
f) are not very religious
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CHAPTER ELEVEN—TEST
Marriage and Family
1.
The text defines family as:
a) a group of people who love and care for each other
b) two or more persons who share resources, responsibility, decisions, values, goals, and
have a commitment to one another over time
c) two or more people who are committed to each other over time, sharing intimacy,
resources, values, decision-making responsibilities, and who assume responsibility for the
care of children
d) a consumer unit which is related by blood
2.
A culture that needs to increase the number of males might practice:
a) monogamy
b) polygyny
c) polyandry
d) homosexuality
3.
Which of the following theoretical paradigms identifies many of the major reasons for the
existence of families?
a) social-conflict paradigm
b) structural-functional paradigm
c) symbolic-interaction paradigm
d) social-exchange paradigm
4.
The Hernandez family includes mother, father, three children, and grandmother who all live
together. This is an example of a(an):
a) nuclear family
b) extended family
c) patrilineal family
d) family of orientation
5.
Which of the following theoretical paradigms discusses the family in terms of power and resource
differences?
a) social-conflict paradigm
b) structural-functional paradigm
c) symbolic-interaction paradigm
d) consensus paradigm
6.
Which category of families in the United States has increased?
a) two-parent families
b) male-headed families
c) African American families
d) female-headed families
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Chapter 11 TEST: Marriage and Family
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7.
“A ________ sociologist might be interested in racial discrimination and its effect upon family
life.” Which of the following paradigms best fits the preceding statement?
a) postmodern
b) conflict
c) symbolic-interactionism
d) functionalist
8.
In keeping with a Christian perspective regarding family life, which one of the items below is not a
requisite upon which biblical family relationships are based?
a) grace
b) empowering
c) community
d) intimacy
9.
In this chapter, Pauline’s children have interpreted family life to be peaceful and supportive, while
Novella’s children perceive it to be burdensome and conflictual. Symbolic-interactionists refer to
this as:
a) intentional maturation
b) mutual submission
c) definition of the situation
d) social-conflict
10.
Pauline and Novella’s families both are characteristic of which social class below?
a) white middle-class American
b) white working-class American
c) white upper-class American
d) Asian-American middle class
11.
Polyandry is less common than polygyny. Which culture listed below is characteristic of a
polyandrous arrangement?
a) kibbutz of Israel
b) Latinos from Mexico
c) Toda tribe of India
d) Islamic nations in Africa
12.
Approximately what percent of cohabiting couples marry within five to seven years?
a) 45%
b) 60%
c) 50%
d) 40%
13.
Many factors contribute to the high divorce rate in America) Of these, one factor outweighs all
others. This is primarily due to:
a) women in the work force
b) the rise of individualism
c) the ease of obtaining divorces
d) a decrease of religion in families
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Chapter 11 TEST: Marriage and Family
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14.
The U.S divorce rate rose sharply between 1960 and 1980. How does this compare with Canada?
a) four times higher than Canada
b) ten times higher than Canada
c) twice as high as Canada
d) three times higher than Canada
15.
According to Nijole Benokraitis, a model for understanding family change is based on four general
perspectives. Which one below does not apply?
a) centrists
b) feminists
c) conservatives
d) opportunists
16.
Which one item below is not mentioned in the textbook as a likely trend with regard to the family
as sociologists navigate through the twenty-first century?
a) the blending of gender and family roles
b) proliferation of legal and ethical issues
c) an erosion of stigmas
d) a decrease in the father’s domestic roles
17.
One of the items below is not considered to be one of the major changes in the past fifty years:
a) dual-income marriages
b) cohabitation
c) collectivism
d) divorce
18.
Which family type below best fits the description of the prevailing family form in developing
nations?
a) extended families
b) nuclear families
c) monogamy
d) serial monogamy
19.
In 1970, what percentage of children lived in single-parent households?
a) 30%
b) 12%
c) 53%
d) 10%
20.
In which nation is patrilineal descent less likely to occur?
a) Asia
b) Africa
c) America
d) Middle East
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CHAPTER TWELVE—TEST
Religion
1.
According to Durkheim, religion:
a) is the opiate of the masses
b) provides the collective conscience of a society
c) is an objective reality
d) is a social construction
2.
Apply the Marxian perspective on religion. What does religion do in society?
a) Religion focuses life on the present.
b) Religion reinforces wealth differences.
c) Religion treats existing society as secular and corrupt.
d) Religion undermines the state.
3.
According to Weber’s Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism:
a) economic conditions shape religion
b) Protestantism oppresses workers
c) Calvinism leads to capitalism
d) socialism leads to Catholicism
4.
What is the term for the fusion of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in
character?
a) liberation theology
b) liberal Christianity
c) evangelism
d) ecumenism
5.
What is the name for an informal religious organization that resists accommodation with the larger
society?
a) church
b) sect
c) ecclesia
d) denomination
6.
What did Kelley’s study propose in relation to recent church growth?
a) Liberal churches experience more growth than conservative churches.
b) Conservative churches experience more growth than liberal churches.
c) Churches with homogeneous memberships experience growth.
d) Churches with heterogeneous memberships remain stable or decline.
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Chapter 12 TEST: Religion
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7.
Calvinists believe that:
a) self-denial must be practiced in the interest of showing religious devotions
b) people are saved by their works
c) people can do nothing about their eternal destiny
d) the group must be held together by the force of its leader’s personality
8.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a religion?
a) a group of people meet together on a regular basis
b) the group of people share similar beliefs
c) the group’s primary role is to govern the nation
d) the group practices similar rituals regarding its notion of the sacred
9.
Both supporters and opponents of religion often resist findings that threaten their position or
beliefs. This makes it difficult to study religion sociologically because many believe that:
a) it is a blasphemy to study God empirically
b) religion cannot be studied effectively by sociologists
c) it is too sacred to be studied
d) religion is objective and absolute
10.
Which is not part of O’Dea and Aviad’s functions of religion?
a) sacralizing norms and values
b) support, consolation, and reconciliation
c) opiate of the masses
d) establishing identity
11.
Who discussed the five dimensions of religious commitments?
a) Kelley
b) Kanter
c) Glock
d) Niebuhr
12.
By claiming that religion could occasionally facilitate social change, Weber was attempting to:
a) agree with Marx
b) refute Marks
c) be neutral
d) refute Marx
13.
The following is not present in all religions, according to Durkheim:
a) the sacred
b) a set of beliefs
c) ritual behavior
d) gender prejudices
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Chapter 12 TEST: Religion
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14.
The sacred refers to things set apart for special considerations. Therefore, it stands in opposition to
the:
a) untouchable
b) profound
c) profane
d) rituals
15.
Which of the following is not reflective of the sect?
a) exclusive membership
b) conversion experience compulsory
c) formalized rituals
d) emphasizes the literal interpretation of Scripture
16.
Which of these approaches defines religion in terms of what it does or accomplishes in society?
a) substantive definition
b) structural-functionalist definition
c) functionalist-structural definition
d) substantial definition
17.
From the religious perspective, Scriptures are believed to be:
a) profane
b) sacred
c) ridiculous
d) illogical
18.
Secularization is defined as:
a) the upswing of religious activities and interests in church and society
b) the increased influence of Scripture on believers and nonbelievers
c) the decline of religious influence and participation
d) the banning of prayer in public schools
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CHAPTER THIRTEENTEST
Education
1.
Christians have responded to the inadequacies in education by:
a) establishing separate Christian schools
b) only allowing their children to attend certain schools
c) returning to the Old Testament command for parents to teach their children what they
need to know by using the homeschool method of education
d) both a and c
2.
Changes in the educational system—from a family-oriented system to a complex and interpersonal
system—are due to all of the following except:
a) the amount of information people need to know
b) the complexity of information people need to know
c) parents no longer wanted the responsibility of passing on their skills and knowledge
d) the knowledge that was needed was rapidly changing over one’s lifetime, making it harder to
teach one’s children
3.
Which of the following is not a way that access to the education system is controlled in every
country?
a) the number of educational institutions available
b) economic realities of cost
c) government-centered access
d) merit lists and academic accomplishment
4.
The primary reason for Brazil’s limited educational success is:
a) most people’s lives are not greatly influenced by the amount of education they have
received
b) Brazil’s educational system is ahead of the rest of the world’s and, therefore, does not
need the same of amount of schooling
c) both a and b
d) neither a nor b
5.
_________ is a poor country with a very large population and large illiteracy rates. Its people work
mostly in agriculture.
a) Germany
b) Japan
c) United Kingdom
d) India
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Chapter 13 TEST: Education
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6.
A functionalist explanation of education looks at:
a) ways in which schools shape self-concept
b) ways that educational systems promote inequality in societies
c) manifest functions of schooling: transmission of knowledge, socialization, sorting
students by ability, creating knowledge
d) none of the above
7.
Conflict theorists look at:
a) manifest functions of schooling: transmission of knowledge, socialization, sorting
students by ability, creating knowledge
b) ways in which schools shape self-concept
c) ways that educational systems promote inequality in societies
d) none of the above
8.
Symbolic-interactionists look at:
a) ways in which schools shape self-concept
b) manifest functions of schooling: transmission of knowledge, socialization, sorting
students by ability,creating knowledge
c) ways that educational systems promote inequality in societies
d) none of the above
9.
Which manifest function of education is involved in teaching students what they need to know to
be successful members of society?
a) socialization
b) latent function
c) custodial care of the young
d) transmission of knowledge
10.
Which manifest function of education involves teaching members of society to fit in?
a) custodial care of the young
b) socialization
c) transmission of knowledge
d) latent function
11.
Which latent function of education keeps children out of harm’s way until they can be contributing
members of the society?
a) after-school activities
b) custodial care of the young
c) socialization
d) transmission of knowledge
12.
The textbook says that, “_____________ need to work to ensure that all people have equal
opportunity through quality school systems to achieve their God-given potential.”
a) Those from different countries
b) Government agents
c) Only teachers
d) Christians
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Chapter 13 TEST: Education
Name________________________________________
13.
A comparison of educational systems indicates that societies with growing populations and
burgeoning industry need work forces that are more literate and trained to the time schedules of
manufacturing companies. This normally means some form of ________________, and as industry
becomes more predominant, more ______________. After countries become postindustrial, there
is a greater need for ________________.
a) education, college, primary schooling
b) primary schooling, secondary schooling, education
c) education, college, secondary schooling
d) primary schooling, secondary schooling, college
14.
Christians need to stay involved in the public school system to ensure it provides equal
opportunities for students to fulfill their God-given potential. Which of the following are ways to
stay involved as suggested in the textbook?
a) Volunteer at your local school.
b) Be part of the local school board.
c) Help establish new programs for the under-served.
d) All of the above.
15.
In _________ literacy is common. In _________ 90% of the men can read and write, but only 75%
of the women can read and write. However, in _________ two thirds of the men can read and
write, but only one third of the women can read and write.
a) Brazil, China, India
b) Brazil, Japan, China
c) China, Japan, India
d) India, United States, Japan
16.
The book talks about four manifest functions and one latent function of a society’s educational
system. Which one of the following is the latent function?
a) Socialization
b) custodial care of the young
c) creating knowledge
d) sort students by ability
17.
Education serves several important purposes for most countries. Which of the following does the
textbook say is the obvious purpose?
a) to “educate” the young
b) to “classify” the young
c) to “care” for the young
d) to “create knowledge” for the young
18.
Which of the following statements best describes the Japanese educational system?
a) The Japanese see little value in the need for higher education.
b) Education is highly valued and offered for free to anyone who is interested in
learning.
c) The Japanese culture has a great concern for and value of education.
d) Education of the young is the responsibility of the grandparents.
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19.
A good educational system can:
a) promote social justice by removing barriers to achievement for the poor and
minorities
b) offer students many different options for career development
c) assist the poor in gaining employment
d) offer scholarship programs to students
20.
One of the advantages of homeschooling children is that:
a) they will not be exposed to social diversity
b) there is a better chance of exposure to social diversity
c) parents can consciously integrate their children into the general society
d) children may not be exposed to high technological laboratory equipment to prepare
them for a complex society
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN—TEST
Health and Society
1.
_______________ is defined by the work of hospitals, health maintenance organizations,
insurance companies, and your local family physicians.
a) Health and medication
b) Quality of life
c) The Great Physician
d) Health care
2.
An epidemiologist’s measures tell us:
a) how well a treatment is working
b) how fast the problem is growing
c) both a and b
d) neither a nor b
3.
A state of compete physical, mental, and social well-being is known as:
a) epidemiology
b) stability
c) assessment
d) health
4.
Which term refers to the number of infants who, after having been born alive, die before their first
birthday?
a) child mortality rate
b) mortality rate
c) infant mortality rate
d) morbidity rate
5.
The __________ perspective seeks to examine the causes and consequences of social inequality:
a) functionalist
b) interactionist
c) conflict
d) symbolic-interactionist
6.
The ____________ perspective seeks to find social stability:
a) functionalist
b) interactionist
c) conflict
d) business
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7.
The _____________ perspective looks more closely at how individuals who are sick and people
who care for them get along with each other:
a) functionalist
b) Symbolic-interactionist
c) conflict
d) health and medicine
8.
____________ is maintained if sick people play the “sick role”?
a) Ascribed status
b) Social order
c) Social theory
d) Function
9.
Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of the “sick role”?
a) The sick person must want to recover.
b) The sick person must seek competent help and then decide whether to follow the
instructions of
the health care provider.
c) The sick person is not responsible for his or her illness.
d) Illness is a condition that exempts individuals from normal social responsibilities.
10.
In seeking to clarify and specify the manner in which one’s religion and health might be positively
related, Ferraro and Koch’s study found what as a result of the research?
a) African Americans are much more likely to turn to their family physicians when in a
health crisis.
b) Religious practice (prayer, Bible reading, watching religious television or listening to
religious radio programs, and attending worship) does seem to be linked to better
health for Blacks, but not for Whites.
c) Religious practice (prayer, Bible reading, watching religious television or listening to
religious radio programs, and attending worship) does seem to be linked to better
health for Whites, but not for blacks.
d) Anglo-Americans are much more likely to turn to their family physicians when in a
health crisis.
11.
The textbook states that one early study suggested that regular church attendance:
a) had no effect on one’s health
b) increased the possibility of illness
c) lowered one’s blood pressure
d) none of the above
12.
Like Jesus, “The Great Physician,” we are encouraged to:
a) not discriminate by race, gender, social class, or “worthiness” when helping others
b) ask others to help those in need
c) help only those who are clean
d) only pray for the unclean, not actually touch them
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13.
Which of the following is the best way for Christians to help those in need?
a) Work with Christian ministries for pregnant women or new babies.
b) Assist with ministries that aid the elderly and homebound.
c) Work with ministries that aid substance abusers and teen mothers.
d) The textbook does not specify a best way, but suggests all of the above as good ways
to help those in need.
14.
Of the new HIV cases in America, how many are currently linked to homosexual activity?
a) all cases
b) three fourths of the cases
c) just over one half of the cases
d) less than half of the cases
15.
Which of the following statements is not true?
a) Research suggests that new AIDS cases are associated with the exchange of sex for
drugs, such as crack cocaine.
b) Adolescent women are increasingly engaging in very large numbers of sexual contact
to support their addictions.
c) AIDS is rarely transmitted by needles.
d) AIDS is more and more becoming defined as a drug-related disease.
16.
Life expectancy is calculated on the basis of:
a) one’s health
b) one’s physical, emotional, and mental state
c) one’s birth year
d) the conditions in which a person lives
17.
The infant mortality rate for African American babies is currently:
a) twice that for Anglo-American babies
b) equal to that of Anglo-American babies
c) less than that of Anglo-American babies
d) three times higher than that of Anglo-American babies
18.
According to the textbook, which of the following statements is most correct?
a) Men’s lives are filled with more health problems, but they tend to be less serious.
b) Women have fewer illnesses than men, but women’s illnesses are more likely to be
fatal.
c) Women’s lives are filled with more health problems, but they tend to be less serious.
d) Men are much more likely to seek earlier care for an illness; therefore, management
of their illnesses is much easier.
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Chapter 14 TEST: Health and Society
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19.
Health care in the United States has not always been so complicated. For example; prior to WW II:
a) there were many more doctors in private practice, making it easier to see a physician
b) nurses took care of patients and doctors were consulted only when a patient was in
critical condition.
c) doctors saw patients most frequently during routine house calls
d) doctors were seldom consulted, as most people used home remedies when they
became ill
20.
Which of the following statements does not reflect what the textbook tells us about health?
a) Health means all is well.
b) Health means we have no germs or broken bones.
c) Health means we are not aware of the presence of disease in our body.
d) Health means we are functioning normally; we are emotionally stable and happy.
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN—TEST
Economic Life
1.
The most basic sector of the economy is the:
a) primary, or extractive
b) secondary, or manufacturing
c) tertiary, or services
d) It is impossible to say
2.
Which economic sector is the leading sector in all premodern economies?
a) primary, or extractive
b) secondary, or manufacturing
c) tertiary, or services
d) religion
3.
Which economic sector is the engine of economic growth in early modern societies?
a) primary, or extractive
b) secondary, or manufacturing
c) tertiary, or services
d) entertainment industry
4.
Which economic sector is the leading sector in postmodern societies?
a) primary, or extractive
b) secondary, or manufacturing
c) tertiary, or services
d) It is impossible to say
5.
What is a typical occupation in the primary sector of the economy?
a) farmer
b) banker
c) truck driver
d) welder
6.
What is a typical occupation in postindustrial society?
a) manufacturer
b) data-entry operator
c) policewoman
d) teacher
7.
Which of the following is a white-collar worker?
a) cosmetologist
b) bank teller
c) nuclear physicist
d) athlete
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8.
Which of the following societies is almost always nomadic?
a) agricultural
b) horticultural
c) industrial
d) pastoral
9.
Which of the following is a key feature of socialist economic systems?
a) private ownership of productive property
b) strong profit motive
c) strong government regulation
d) prices fixed by forces of supply and demand
10.
Which of the following is an advantage of socialist economic systems?
a) very high levels of productivity
b) very high quality of workmanship
c) relatively even distribution of goods and services to all consumers
d) very low level of government regulation
11.
The American Indians of the Great Plains region stretching from Texas to Canada exemplified
which type of society before the arrival of Europeans?
a) agricultural
b) horticultural
c) hunting and gathering
d) postindustrial
12.
Slavery in the American South as it operated before the Civil War was a part of which type of
society?
a) agricultural
b) horticultural
c) hunting and gathering
d) industrial
13.
Which of the following is typical of modern economies and societies?
a) separation of home and workplace
b) women’s participation in the (paid) labor force
c) separation of ownership and control
d) all of the above
14.
The principle of laissez-faire in classic capitalism refers to:
a) allowing people to own private property
b) allowing people to profit from business enterprises
c) government keeping its hands off the economy
d) a lack of concern for the welfare of the poor
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15.
The economic system of the United States at present is an example of:
a) classic capitalism
b) classic socialism
c) a mixture of the two, with socialist elements predominating
d) a mixture of the two, with capitalist elements predominating
16.
Marx’s term for the workers under industrial capitalism is:
a) bourgeoisie
b) petit bourgeoisie
c) the working class
d) proletariat
17.
Globalization refers to the tendency in the modern world for:
a) wealthy countries to dominate poorer ones
b) economic and social activity to tie nations together, for better or for worse
c) instantaneous transmission of international TV programming
d) the growth and spread of the Internet
18.
The North American Free Trade Association includes:
a) the United States and Canada, but not Mexico
b) the United States and Mexico, but not Canada
c) the United States, Canada, and Mexico
d) all nations of North and Central America and the Caribbean, except Cuba
19.
Kibbutzim are collective farms in:
a) Canada
b) China
c) Russia
d) Israel
20.
Which language at present is most heavily used as a global language?
a) Spanish
b) English
c) French
d) Chinese
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN—TEST
Politics and Government
1.
Which statement is not true concerning the presidential election of 2000?
a) It was the closest election in American history.
b) Historically, it was the largest turnout of eligible voters, nearly 75%.
c) Candidates focused on insignificant issues and ignored important ones.
d) The popular vote elected one person, and the electoral college elected another.
2.
According to the textbook, the “goal” of society is to serve:
a) the upper class
b) the lower class
c) the government
d) the common good
3.
The political institution:
a) is composed of all political officials involved in the governmental processes
b) is a collection of all government-related groups receiving financial aid from the
government
c) is a society’s organized set of beliefs and practices working together to respond to the
needs of its people
d) is the people who hold formal positions in government
4.
According to this chapter, government is:
a) the set of formal organizations that implement and carry out actions to serve the
“common good”
b) a society’s organized set of beliefs and practices working together to respond to the
needs of its people
c) better when it is small
d) the process of allocating the scarce resources of society
5.
The way government is organized, the values on which it is built, the actions it takes, and the way
it works:
a) significantly change each time a new official takes office
b) are measurements that determine the outcome of a culture
c) vary between communities and cultures
d) are regulated by the citizens of that culture
6.
Harold Lasswell defined politics as:
a) essentially a dirty business
b) authority given to individuals in leadership positions
c) the study of who gets what, when, and how
d) the implementation of pluralism
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7.
What is considered the “currency” of the political process?
a) power
b) money
c) firearms
d) prestige
8.
According to this chapter, effective and just political systems are based on:
a) religion
b) authority
c) coercion
d) charisma
9.
Legitimate power:
a) cannot exist in modern societies
b) is always legal-rational
c) never makes people do things they do not want to do
d) depends on the consent of people over whom it is exercised
10.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of traditional authority?
a) patterns are deeply rooted in history
b) traditional ways of doing things are accepted and not seriously questioned
c) positions of authority are usually earned
d) people learn ways of doing things by socialization
11.
Idi Amin, John Kennedy, Joan of Arc, and Jesus are examples of what kind of leaders?
a) traditional
b) illegitimate
c) legal-rational
d) charismatic
12.
One of the weak points of traditional authority is:
a) that power is passed from generation to generation
b) that it resists adaptation to changing conditions
c) that it is evaluated frequently
d) that it rests on the persuasiveness of one individual
13.
A political system based on a constitution that spells out expectations and procedures is an
example of which form of authority?
a) traditional
b) effective
c) legal-rational
d) charismatic
14.
Under legal-rational authority, authority rests:
a) in the office and not in the office holder
b) on one individual and the persuasiveness of that individual
c) in the office holder and not in the office
d) on long established patterns deeply rooted in the culture
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15.
The primary function of a political system according to Weber is:
a) to maintain a monopoly on legitimate force
b) to monitor the economy
c) to fight wars
d) none of the above
16.
According to C. Wright Mills, the bottom level of the power pyramid includes:
a) people who don’t want power
b) competing interest groups and politicians
c) an organized group of individuals who influence the media through financial power
c) the unorganized powerless masses that believe in democracy because of education
and socialization
17.
According to C. Wright Mills, General/President Eisenhower was an example of a power elite
because:
a) he was a general for longer than four years
b) he lived in Pennsylvania
c) he held power in both the military and government
d) he was recognized as powerful by millions of people
18.
The “Iron Law of Oligarchy” suggests:
a) that there is no power pyramid in American society
b) that organizations and political structures tend to move toward more equal
distributions of power over time
c) that organizations and political structures work best with one respected individual
making all of the important decisions
d) that there is a tendency for organizations and political systems to shift toward rule by
a few
19.
Which of the following statements is not consistent with the concept of pluralism?
a) Power is concentrated at the top of the power pyramid.
b) Many groups represent different interests and influence decisions.
c) Decisions are based on a changing set of decision makers.
d) Power is widely diffused.
20.
The Old Order Amish represent which position relating religion to politics?
a) a “two-kingdom” theology
b) the view that the United States is a Christian nation
c) the view that politicians should implement Christian principles in government
d) a Reformed theology
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Chapter 16 TEST: Politics and Government
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21.
C. S. Lewis responded to the question of the relationship between Christians and politics by:
a) critiquing the “Christian Right” movement because it reduced Christian faith to a
series of political positions
b) saying that society needs the moral insights and convictions of Christianity
b) commenting on the possible formation of a Christian political party and then deciding
it would be too demanding to succeed at the ballot box
c) suggesting that the church not take money from the government because there may
be “strings” attached
22.
Voting rates of young people are:
a) rising
b) low and declining
c) high and declining
d) staying about the same
23.
Robert Putnam uses the term “social capital” to describe:
a) the social fabric that supports and nurtures civic life
b) the trust and connections that allow people to know the needs of others
c) social networks and norms of reciprocity that arise from them
d) all of the above
24.
The main idea of the book Bowling Alone is that:
a) people don’t like to be alone
b) people are less involved in community events and activities
c) people are more interested in becoming involved in community events
d) in general, there’s a decline in America’s interest in sports
25.
A spontaneous act becomes predictable and patterned over time. This would be an example of:
a) the routinization of charisma
b) the Iron Law of Oligarchy
c) the power elite
d) pluralism
26.
Which of the following is not a function of politics and government?
a) to preserve internal order and freedom
b) to collect and disburse taxes to pay for carrying out other functions
c) to maintain a monopoly on legitimate force
d) to prevent interdependency on other countries
27.
According to this chapter, what group votes in higher percentages?
a) people who want to see social and political institutions change
b) people who are avid readers of government and politics
c) people who are more involved in society
d) the average person in society
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28.
The ability to get things done and/or to control others even against their will is a definition of:
a) politics
b) power
c) leadership
d) authority
29.
Militarism is a way of thinking that:
a) focuses many societal decisions on preparedness for war
b) results in pervasive military symbols throughout society
c) results in ideology and values in society which support military solutions to problems
d) all of the above
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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN—TEST
Collective Behavior and Social Movements
1.
In a typology developed by Robert Bierstedt, four different dimensions of group behavior are
categorized. Which one below is atypical of this typology?
a) formal, written rules
b) polarization
c) consciousness of kind
d) informal, unwritten rules
2.
Franklin Giddings introduced the concept in which animals or people with similarities recognize
those similarities as meaningful. In short, members of a group identify with each other. This
dimension is referred to as:
a) social interaction
b) expressive activity
c) collective activity
d) consciousness of kind
3.
In a concert setting, members become fixed on a group of people in the audience as opposed to the
singers on stage. This dimension is referred to as:
a) the expressive crowd
b) the issueless riot
c) polarization
d) acting crowds
4.
When members of a particular community share the same fear or perception of a threat, as in a
disaster, this is most commonly noted as:
a) hysterical contagion
b) anomie
c) issueless riot
d) polarization
5.
What term below is synonymous with Smelser’s description of an activity referred to as the hostile
outburst?
a) panic
b) acting crowd
c) expressive crowd
d) anomie
6.
According to the typology of collective behavior developed by Robert Bierstedt, formal written
rules are always present when describing:
a) the craze
b) the social movement
c) the public
d) the acting crowd
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7.
According to Bierstedt’s typology of collective behavior, consciousness of kind is not necessary
when describing:
a) the public
b) the panic
c) the social movement
d) the craze
8.
Which term below best describes groups with a particular interest in bringing about change in
some aspect of the social order?
a) collective behavior
b) polarization
c) social movements
d) expressive crowds
9.
When a sociologist looks at an assembly of people conducting a protest against abortion clinics or
nuclear plants, often four clearly distinguishable positions are present. Which one below does not
apply?
a) interested bystanders
b) agents of social control
c) leaders
d) emergent norms
10.
Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian have observed that people who engage in collective behavior act
in similar ways. They define the distinguishing characteristic of collective behavior as:
a) generalized behavior
b) common behavior
c) resource mobilization
d) emergent norms
11.
Although some sociologists may differ in their criteria of collective behavior, they all concur on
four elements that distinguish collective behavior from simply convergent behaviors of
individuals. Which one below is not one of these four elements?
a) shared beliefs
b) shared norms
c) patterned behavior all within a collectivity
d) religious beliefs
12.
Crucial components in the emergence of a social movement are adequate leadership and
___________. Both are needed to organize and advance the goals of the movement.
a) material resources
b) fads
c) fashions
d) religious crazes
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13.
When referring to episodes of protests, which one of the following is considered to be an agent of
social control?
a) interested bystanders
b) police
c) courts
d) leaders
14.
According to Blumer, the direct transfer of emotional states between individuals in a crowd is
commonly referred to as:
a) circular reaction
b) ambiguous conditions
c) aggregate transformation
d) collectivity
15.
When a positive impression indicates that the activity engaged in by the collective has a beneficial
outcome, Smelser identifies this type of collective behavior as:
a) a panic
b) a protest
c) a craze
d) a social movement
16.
Which term below illustrates a common feeling or identity that is shared among people of the same
racial, economic, national, communal, or religious collectivity?
a) consciousness of kind
b) expressive crowd
c) aggregate
d) acting crowd
17.
In Table 17.1 (The Types and Dimensions of Collective Behavior) of this chapter, social
interaction is not a necessary component of what type of collective behavior?
a) the craze
b) the panic
c) social movement
d) the acting crowd and unorganized protests
18.
This particular type of collective behavior has emerged as a separate focus of study in the
academic world. It is now found in Schools of Journalism, Departments of Political Science, and
Colleges of Communication:
a) publics and public opinion
b) the political craze
c) the social movement
d) expressive crowds
19.
Gary Marx formulated this term to refer to a crowd that seems out of control. An example would
be the destruction to public and private property that occurs in World Series victory celebrations:
a) anomie
b) expressive crowds
c) issueless riots
d) hysterical contagion
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CHAPTER EIGHTEEN—TEST
Social Change
1.
While most Americans use computers regularly, most of the world’s population has never seen a
computer. This is an example of:
a) acculturation
b) materialistic determination
c) cultural gap
d) traditionalism
2.
A conflict view of social change implies that:
a) ideas cause social changes
b) conflict between classes results in social change
c) change is inevitable
d) global capitalism inhibits social change
3.
Three of the following statements are true. Select the one false statement:
a) Increasing population may profoundly affect social change.
b) Changing demographics may profoundly affect social change.
c) Diffusion of ideas produces social change.
d) Demographic shifts impact social change mainly in traditional societies.
4.
A small village is an example of what Tonnies would call:
a) gemeinschaft
b) mechanical division of labor
c) gesellschaft
d) organic division of labor
5.
A structural-functionalist suggests that change starts with:
a) the individual
b) the society
c) the social structure
d) the group
6.
Which perspective sees society as a well-oiled machine, wherein change is a product of
adjustments to maintain order?
a) conflict perspective
b) evolutionary perspective
c) structural-functional perspective
d) modernist perspective
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7.
Uncontrolled development of oceanfront property on the bluff of the Pacific Ocean has led to mud
slides and devastation. This illustrates that:
a) change is inevitable
b) change must be managed
c) all change is positive
d) change is always dysfunctional
8.
The textbook cites a new form of illiteracy that is creating a new form of world poverty. This is:
a) biblical illiteracy
b) functional illiteracy
c) computer illiteracy
d) dysfunctional illiteracy
9.
Most contemporary social change is caused by:
a) inventions
b) revolution
c) war
d) poverty
10.
Toffler says that the new power brokers of society are those who have:
a) the most money
b) the most friends
c) access to the most technology
d) the biggest libraries
11.
In analyzing why you are late for class, the conflict perspective would suggest:
a) you need to set your alarm to get up earlier
b) you need to drive faster
c) the traffic in your town creates barriers for punctuality
d) you bear total responsibility for your punctuality
12.
The process by which an invention or idea becomes widely accepted by society is called:
a) reform
b) revolution
c) discovery
d) diffusion
13.
People who try to prevent social change are known as:
a) reformers
b) reactionaries
c) revolutionaries
d) progressives
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14.
Sometimes the social system is so corrupt that one cannot work within the system to change it. If
so, what must be necessary?
a) reform
b) revolution
c) reaction
d) legal action
15.
Civil Rights legislation, which makes it illegal to discriminate against people on the basis of race,
religion, gender, age, or sexual orientation, is an example of a:
a) reform
b) revolution
c) reactionary movement
d) culture gap
16.
According to Emile Durkheim, a traditional society is held together by:
a) organic solidarity
b) reform
c) bureaucracy
d) collective conscience
17.
According to Smelser, what must be present in order for a social change movement to occur?
a) structural stability
b) violence
c) a structure conducive to change
d) leadership
18.
When Jesus started preaching that the poor were blessed, people were ready to listen. According to
Smelser, this is:
a) structural strain
b) growth and spread of a generalized belief
c) social control
d) opposition
19.
According to the textbook, what strategy can Christians use to overcome mechanisms of social
control?
a) Christians should become active leaders in social institutions.
b) Christians should never disobey civil authorities.
c) Christians should place Bibles in the hands of the police.
d) Christians should create social unrest.
20.
What factors must be present to lead social change?
a) teamwork
b) a strategy to deal with the opposition
c) a plan
d) all of the above