Download Review for Test - New Providence School District

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________
APUSH II period ___
Mrs. Hornstein
Review Ch. 27-30
1. How do you account for the economic prosperity of the postwar era?
2. Why did the suburb achieve paramount significance for Americans in the 1950s?
3. Who were the people who occupied “the Other America”? Why were they there rather
than in mainstream America?
4. The __________ was established in 1944 to stabilize the value of currencies and
provide a secure and predictable monetary environment for trade through its
encouragement of fixed exchange rates, using the __________ as the benchmark
currency.
5. In 1947, multinational trade negotiations resulted in the first ___________, which led to
the establishment of an international body to oversee trade rules and practices.
6. Between 1900 and 1930, excepting World War I, the U.S. spent less than
____________percent of its Gross National Production on the military.
7. Reflecting the trend in the expansion of corporate ownership after World War II, by
1970, big multiplant brewers controlled ____________ percent of the beer market.
8. By 1960 the U.S. enjoyed a trade surplus with foreign nations at the value of
$___________ billion.
9. After World War II, many families financed their home purchases through the
__________ and the __________, which allowed them to buy with small down
payments and low-interest loans.
10. Suburban living was most at home in the so-called __________ Belt, where taxes were
low, the climate mild, and open space allowed for sprawling subdivisions.
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11. The __________ highway system, one of the largest civil engineering projects in
history, would eventually link the entire country with highways.
12. By the late 1950s, public concern over nuclear testing had become a high-profile issue,
leading to antinuclear groups such as Physicians for __________ to call for an
international test ban.
13. In 1954, the phrase “__________” was inserted into the Pledge of Allegiance; in 1956,
Congress added the words “__________” to all U.S. coins.
14. Author of the best-selling book Baby and Child Care, Dr. ____________ led a
generation of mothers to reform childrearing practices.
15. One of the most important childhood diseases eradicated in 1954
was_______________.
16. In the 1950s, many psychologists pronounced __________ as being the only “normal”
female gender role.
17. A popular Hollywood movie in 1951 that showcased youth culture was __________.
18. New York painter __________'s huge canvases of splattered and swirled paint mystified
most Americans of the 1950s but, for some, were the essence of the artistic movement
known as __________.
19. __________'s 1956 poem __________ became a manifesto of the Beat generation.
20. During the 1950s, affluent whites left the cities and settled in the __________.
21. The ___________, passed in 1952, ended the exclusion of Japanese, Koreans, and
southeast Asians from entering the U.S.
22. In 1959, an estimated 180,000 people fled ___________ after Fidel Castro came to
power.
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23. In 1953 Congress passed a resolution authorizing a program to terminate the
________________ status of Indian tribes in the United States.
24. City planners, politicians, and real estate developers responded to cities' decaying
infrastructure and services with __________.
25. A new phase in the civil rights movement began in 1960 when four black college
students conducted a(n) __________ at a Woolworth's store in __________.
26. In 1960 Ella Baker helped to found the _________________to facilitate student sit-ins.
27. In what ways is the prosperity of the 1950s explained by the Cold War?
28. How do you explain the preeminence of civil rights in the politics of the 1960s?
29. Why is “the man in the gray flannel suit” the representative businessman of the 1950s?
30. What do we mean by the “labor-management accord”?
31. In what ways does the growth of the Sun Belt reflect key themes of the suburban
explosion?
32. What was the relationship between consumer culture and the emphasis on family life in
the postwar era?
33. Is it correct to say that the 1950s was exclusively a time of cultural conformity?
34. What were the most significant migration trends in this era?
35. What were the key components of the urban crisis?
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36. What is the significance of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision?
37. What are the differences between Kennedy's New Frontier and Johnson's Great Society?
38. Why is the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War so often called a
“quagmire”?
39. The civil rights organization known as ________ sent interracial groups on interstate
buses throughout the South to desegregate transportation lines and facilities. These
dangerous trips were called “________,” and the violence they provoked caused
national outrage and forced Attorney General ________ to intervene.
40. By using fire hoses, electric cattle prods, and police dogs against peaceful civil rights
demonstrators, ________, the commissioner of public safety in the city of ________,
provoked national revulsion.
41. On the night that President Kennedy went on national television to say that he would
introduce civil rights legislation, ________, president of the Mississippi NAACP, was
killed by a rifle shot in the back.
42. The March on Washington confirmed ________'s position as a leader of the African
American cause.
43. In August 1961, the Soviet Union ordered the construction of the ________ to stop the
exodus of East Germans into West Berlin.
44. On October 22, 1962, President Kennedy announced that the United States would block
the introduction of Soviet-made ________ into ________.
45. President Kennedy developed the military doctrine of ________ in response to
Soviet-sponsored “wars of national liberation.”
46. “________,” the major 1964 civil rights campaign to register African American voters
in Mississippi, drew idealistic white and black student volunteers from all over the
nation, but resulted in violence, murder, and the registration of only 1,200 black voters.
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47. Following the violent attack by state police on civil rights marchers near ________ in
March 1965, President Lyndon Johnson asked Congress for the civil rights legislation
that became known as the ________ of 1965.
48. Enacting federal health insurance legislation in 1965, Congress created two major health
plans: ________ to care for the elderly and ________ to care for the poor.
49. The ________ was the Great Society's showcase for conducting the War on Poverty,
administering some of the measures of the Johnson administration including Head Start,
VISTA, and the Job Corps.
50. After an incident involving the U.S. destroyer Maddox, Congress passed the
__________ Resolution to allow offensive military operations in Vietnam.
51. In 1966, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee chaired by Senator __________
conducted televised hearings that raised questions about the Johnson administration's
Vietnam policies.
52. The first major student demonstrations erupted in the fall of 1964 at the
______________.
53. A spur to student protest was a change in the military's ______________, which in
January of 1966 abolished automatic student deferments.
54. The personification of the new counterculture was the ___________.
55. Bob Dylan's 1963 song __________ reflected the despair of individuals whose faith in
liberalism was wearing thin in the year of the Birmingham demonstrations and John F.
Kennedy's assassination.
56. In 1966, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the __________ as a militant
self-defense organization dedicated to protecting blacks from police violence.
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57. The 1967 rioting in __________ killed forty-three persons and destroyed property
valued at $50 million.
58. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in the city of __________.
59. Sparked by the murder of a local Sioux by a group of whites, the __________ organized
the occupation of __________ in 1973 to dramatize Native Americans' grievances
against federal Indian policy.
60. In strict military terms, the Tet offensive was a __________ for the Vietcong, but in
America, the attack swung public opinion __________ the war.
61. Televised scenes of rioting during the August nominating convention in __________
cemented a popular impression of the Democrats as the party of disorder.
62. The Democratic nominee for president in 1968 was __________.
63. The __________ consensus—agreement about a New Deal approach to social and
economic ills—peaked in the mid-1960s before flaming out under the combined
pressure of the Vietnam War and cultural conflict.
64. Why was Kennedy an effective politician?
65. Why did civil rights become a big issue during the Kennedy years?
66. What were the results of Kennedy's foreign policy?
67. Why, after years of resistance, did Congress pass the great civil rights acts of 1964 and
1965?
68. What were the key components of the Great Society?
69. What factors limited the success of the War on Poverty?
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70. What difficulties did the United States face in fighting a war against North Vietnam and
the Vietcong in South Vietnam?
71. Why did President Johnson suffer a “credibility gap” over Vietnam?
72. What was the student role in the antiwar movement? How can we explain students'
willingness to protest the war?
73. What are the elements in the counterculture of the 1960s?
74. How do you account for the Black Power movement?
75. How do you explain the spillover of the black civil rights struggle into the Mexican
American and Native American communities?
76. What were the critical events of 1968 that have led historians to describe it as a
“watershed year”?
77. Why did the Democrats lose their grip as the majority party in late 1960s?
78. What impact did the Nixon administration have on American politics?
79. Why are the 1970s considered an era of “declining expectations” for Americans?
80. What were the major causes of the apparent weakening of the United States as a
superpower during this period?
Line length does not indicate the answer's length; some answers may contain more than one
word.
81. Nixon called his antigovernment platform the “_____________.”
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82. Nixon's “realism” in foreign affairs was fervently seconded by his national security
adviser, __________.
83. In 1972, Nixon visited ________ in Beijing, China, bringing the two nations closer
together than ever before.
84. To blunt Communist attacks in late 1971, President Nixon ordered bombing raids
against North Vietnam and the __________ of North Vietnamese ports.
85. By signing the __________ treaty in Moscow in 1972, the United States and the Soviet
Union agreed to limit the production and deployment of intercontinental ballistic
missiles and antiballistic missile systems.
86. During the Vietnam War, __________ U.S. troops died, and another __________ were
wounded.
87. In his drive for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972, liberal candidate
__________ benefited greatly from changes in the party's rules governing the selection
of __________ to the party's nominating convention.
88. On June 17, 1972, police charged five men with breaking into the __________ National
Committee's headquarters at the __________ complex in Washington, D.C.
89. On August 9, 1974, Nixon became the first president to __________ from office.
90. In the aftermath of Watergate, Congress strengthened the __________ Act, which
protected privacy and access to federal records.
91. With the adoption of __________ in 1972, colleges and universities that received
federal funds were prohibited from discriminating on the basis of sex.
92. __________, a lawyer and self-described housewife, led the antifeminist backlash.
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93. The massive federal effort to assist racial and ethnic minorities is known as
__________.
94. Between 1970 and 1977, the population of _____________ in colleges and universities
doubled.
95. A popular former Republican governor of California, ____________ surprised many by
his robust advocacy of civil rights and civil liberties as Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court during the 1950s and 1960s.
96. In 1973, OPEC instituted an oil embargo against the United States, Western Europe, and
Japan in retaliation for their aid to __________ during the Yom Kippur War.
97. Rachel Carson's book _____________, which analyzed the impact of pesticides on the
food chain, ignited the modern environmental movement.
98. The first _______________was held on April 22, 1970, when 20 million citizens
gathered in communities across the country to express their support for the endangered
planet.
99. In January 1969, a major oil spill took place off the coast of ___________, California.
100. The high cost of the __________ War and the __________ Society contributed to a
steadily growing federal deficit and spiraling inflation.
101. In the 1970s, the combination of __________ and __________—so-called
stagflation—resisted conventional government remedies such as deficit spending and
tax reduction.
102. By the late 1970s, the older industrial regions of the United States were referred to as
the __________ Belt.
103. Managing the __________ was Carter's major domestic challenge.
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104. In foreign policy, President Carter achieved important breakthroughs when he brought
the countries of __________ and ________ together to begin making peace.
105. In 1979, a revolution in __________ led by __________ produced a major crisis in
American self-confidence as the United States proved to be utterly incapable of
influencing events to its advantage.
106. Why is the Nixon presidency considered a transitional one between the liberalism of the
preceding decades and the conservatism that emerged in the 1980s?
107. What do we mean when we say that Nixon was a “realist” in foreign affairs?
108. Why did it take Nixon four years to reach a settlement with North Vietnam?
109. How do you account for the Watergate scandal? What was its significance?
110. What were the sources of growth for the women's rights movement?
111. Why did enforcing civil rights prove more controversial than passing civil rights
legislation?
112. Why did the conservative/liberal alignment on judicial restraint change after 1954?
113. Why did the United States enter an energy crisis in the 1970s?
114. What were the major concerns of the environmentalist movement?
115. What were the causes and effects of deindustrialization?
116. Why did Jimmy Carter have so much trouble managing the economy?
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117. What distinguished Carter's conduct of foreign policy from Nixon's? Which foreign
policy would you say was more successful? Nixon's or Carter's?
118. How did the domestic policies of presidents Reagan, Bush, and Clinton reflect the rise
of conservatism in American politics?
119. What comparisons can you make between the Iran-Contra scandal of Ronald Reagan's
administration and the impeachment crisis of Bill Clinton's?
120. What new challenges did the end of the Cold War bring to American foreign policy?
Line length does not indicate the answer's length; some answers may contain more than one
word.
121. Before World War II, Ronald Reagan was a New Deal ____________.
122. Like Ronald Reagan, __________ came to national prominence as a Republican
conservative from the western states after World War II.
123. In the South, white voters who had become hostile to federal support of civil rights for
African Americans voted __________ in increasing numbers by the mid-1970s.
124. In the 1980 campaign, President Jimmy Carter was renominated over ___________ by
the Democratic Party.
125. In the 1980 presidential campaign, ______________ ran as an Independent.
126. One of President Ronald Reagan's early nicknames after he came into office was the
“___________ president.”
127. To cut taxes, President Reagan successfully pressured Congress to pass the
___________________, which reduced income tax rates paid by most Americans by 23
percent over three years.
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128. According to supply-side economic theory, high __________ siphon off capital that
would otherwise be invested.
129. The popular phrase “Star Wars” was applied to the Reagan administration's program of
missile weapons defense known formally as the __________.
130. __________, the first woman nominated for the vice presidency by a major party, was
__________'s running mate in the 1984 election.
131. In 1981, the Reagan administration had suspended aid to the _________ government of
Nicaragua.
132. In 1984, Congress passed the __________ to block military aid to the Contras in
Nicaragua.
133. The covert diversion of funds from arms sales to Iran to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua
was the brainchild of National Security Council aide and U.S. marine lieutenant colonel
__________.
134. _________ was the first woman to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court.
135. President Reagan elevated ______________, a Nixon appointee, to the position of chief
justice of the Supreme Court in 1986.
136. Ronald Reagan, to the surprise of many, ended his presidency by establishing a cordial
relationship with the Soviet Union's new leader, __________.
137. The fall of the Soviet regime was the result of _________________ from the United
States and the _____________ of the Communist economy and society.
138. Mikhail Gorbachev, leader of the Soviet Union in the mid-1980s, helped to end
Communism in that country through his policies of _____________ and
______________.
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139. Michael Dukakis defeated __________, organizer of the Rainbow Coalition, to become
the Democratic presidential candidate in 1988.
140. Clarence Thomas, the second African American appointed to the Supreme Court, did
not receive the support of the _____________ or the ____________, two major black
civil rights organizations.
141. The words “Read My Lips: __________,” drawn from George Bush's acceptance
speech and used as a mantra in his 1988 presidential campaign, later came back to haunt
him when he had to reverse his policy on the matter.
142. The forty-two-day war for the “liberation of Kuwait” was a resounding success for the
UN's coalition forces, which were predominantly __________.
143. In 1994 the Republicans who captured control of the House, had as the centerpiece of
their program a list of proposed legislation called the “__________.”
144. In August 1996, President Clinton signed into law the Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Act, which required most adult welfare recipients to find work within
__________ years.
145. The House of Representatives impeached President Clinton for perjury and obstruction
of justice involving his relationship with a former White House intern, __________.
146. What were the key groups of the new Republican coalition? Were their goals
complementary? Contradictory?
147. What factors led to Ronald Reagan's election in 1980?
148. What were the key elements of Reagan's domestic policy?
149. What limits did Reagan face in promoting conservative goals? What successes did he
achieve?
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150. What factors led to the end of the Cold War?
151. How did the composition and decisions of the Supreme Court change during the
Reagan-Bush administrations?
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Answer Key
1. •
2. •
Victory by the U.S. during World War II made the U.S. the most powerful
nation in 1945, the absence of devastation at home compared to Europe saved
Americans from a lengthy postwar recovery, the increase in population fed by
the end of the war provided more workers for American industry, and the rise
of the military-industrial complex increased manufacturing efficiency and the
rise of cheaper consumer goods.
With the surge in U.S. population figures during the “baby boom” era, suburbs grew
in number and size. The suburbs absorbed the new population and emphasized
cultural conformity through material consumption and competition between families
for displays of status. The suburb became the primary experience through which the
white middle class interpreted a new American identity, one based on material
conformity and competition.
3.
•
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
The other America included immigrants from Latin America, internally colonized ethnic
minorities, working-class whites, and dissenters in music, art, and literature who felt that
the white middle-class suburban ideal of conspicuous consumption and conformity did
not meet the needs or realities of poor nonwhites and cultural critics. They inherited a
declining economy and a decaying environment in urban America. Their nonwhite,
non–middle-class, and nonconformist values placed them outside of mainstream
America.
International Monetary Fund (IMF); U.S. dollar
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
1
70
5
Federal Housing Authority (FHA); Veterans Administration (VA)
Sun
interstate
Social Responsibility
under God; In God We Trust
Benjamin Spock
polio
motherhood
The Wild One
Jackson Pollock; abstract expressionism
Allen Ginsberg; “Howl”
suburbs
McCarran-Walter Act
Cuba
autonomous
urban renewal programs
sit-in; Greensboro, North Carolina
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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27. •
28. •
•
•
Tensions of the Cold War were fed by an increase in military spending to
increase the size of the U.S. nuclear arsenal. An increase in military
spending put more people to work at higher paying jobs, fueling
prosperity of the 1950s.
The participation of African American men in World War II increased black
demands for freedom during the postwar era. The rise in prosperity among the black
middle class created the economic conditions for a protest movement to take place.
The baby boom since 1945 had filled colleges with young and increasingly
anti-conformist students who rejected the racist status quo of the United States and
joined the civil rights movement to help America.
Finally, the civil rights movement was part of a general antipoverty campaign
embraced by Presidents and Congress during the 1960s to uplift society and achieve
re-election to office. Negative publicity stemming from civil rights protests
compelled American politicians to address the civil rights protests of illustrious
leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr.
29. •
University educated, he emphasized conformity, professionalism, loyalty,
sacrifice, a heightened sense of the importance of organization, and
continual absence from home to serve business needs.
30. •
Labor-management accord refers to the new relationship between labor and
capital formed during the 1930s that led to a rise in power by unions during the
post-war period.
A general acceptance of collective bargaining on the part of management was
achieved without the stop of strikes and other labor activities. The result for
workers was a rise in income, an increase in the social safety net, and an increase
in leisure.
The widespread and abundant land of the Sun Belt facilitated suburban
growth, as did the surging population of the Sun Belt from WWII defense
industry growth.
Increasing demands for energy and water by suburban growth created
environmental and health problems. So did the increase of car congestion that
fed pollution.
Buying more things put more people to work, including the head of the family.
Buying more things also offered more leisure time for families to enjoy. An
emphasis on social conformity by parents was also fed by an increase in
consumer culture during the 1950s.
Dissenters did arise during the decade, including the rebellion of youth
personified by the Beat generation and the rise of rock and roll through
Elvis Presley. Artists, writers, and musicians expressed alienation from the
conformity theme of American society in their work.
Important migrations included Latinos from Mexico, Cuba and Puerto
Rico; Native Americans moving from rural reservations to urban areas; and
blacks continued migration to urban southern regions as part of the Great
Migration that began before WWII.
•
31. •
•
32. •
33. •
34. •
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35. •
36. •
37. •
•
38. •
•
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
Contraction of manufacturing sector in favor of service industry, increase of
population, increase of poverty, increase of urban renewal, increase of
anti-black and racist sentiment towards incoming urban immigrants, white
flight to the suburbs, and a general decay of urban infrastructure.
This law overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1894 that
legalized “separate but equal” and struck down legal segregation in
public education. Brown essentially made integration a federal
mission.
New Frontier: Increased expenditures in science and space exploration, an
active government to solve social problems at home, containment of
communism abroad, support for issues of social justice such as civil rights, the
Peace Corps to get young people involved in shaping America's future, and
deficit spending to accompany a reduction in income taxes.
Great Society: More ambitious in terms of broadening the scope of
bureaucracy and attacking the problem of social injustice, the Great Society
also focused on the War on Poverty, civil rights legislation, an expansion in
educational expenditures by the federal government, improvements in health,
housing, and human welfare programs, and an expansion in environmental
protective legislation.
A quagmire refers to a situation that gets worse as one struggles against it.
U.S. involvement in Vietnam increased over time to the point where
American politicians could not effectively remove American troops without
feeling that they had lost the fight against communism.
Conditions for U.S. troops and politicians engaged in the war worsened as
the North Vietnamese and Vietcong increased resistance against the South
Vietnamese and American alliance. Although the number of troops
increased over time, more soldiers failed to bring more American victories,
necessitating more troops, and resulting in more losses and casualties. Some
politicians complained that the U.S. was not doing enough militarily to win
the war.
CORE; freedom rides; Robert Kennedy
Eugene “Bull” Connor; Birmingham, Alabama
Medgar Evers
Martin Luther King Jr.
Berlin Wall
missiles; Cuba
counterinsurgency
Freedom Summer
Selma, Alabama; Voting Rights Act
Medicare; Medicaid
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)
Gulf of Tonkin
J. William Fulbright
University of California at Berkeley
Selective Service System
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“hippie”
“Blowin' in the Wind”
Black Panthers
Detroit
Memphis, Tennessee
American Indian Movement (AIM); Wounded Knee, South Dakota
failure (or defeat); against
Chicago
Hubert H. Humphrey
liberal
•
Kennedy was a young, Harvard-educated, charismatic, handsome,
engaging, activist-orientated politician who used the national media,
particularly television, to great advantage.
65. •
Kennedy was cautious about pushing civil rights, but public protest forced
him to act by sending in federal troops and marshals to support African
American attempts to achieve equality in the southern states.
•
Kennedy would also become outraged at the violence he saw on television
and in the print media by whites against African American protesters.
66. •
JFK was an ardent cold warrior, and his foreign policy reflected a virulent
anti-communist and containment thrust, leading to U.S. military involvement in
Vietnam, the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, and the near disaster of the Cuban
Missile Crisis.
•
Kennedy's fears of the domino theory pushed the nation closer to nuclear war
with the Soviet Union, and also created “hot spots” of U.S. military engagement
abroad.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
67.
•
President Johnson pushed Congress hard for civil rights as a personal and
political goal, individual acts of heroism by African Americans and violence
during the civil rights movement forced Congress to act, and the sweeping
mandate Johnson received during his 1964 election helped to push Congress to
pass civil rights legislation.
•
Key components of an expanded social welfare agenda included civil rights
legislation, improved health care legislation, the “war on poverty,” better
housing and community development programs, an increase in educational
programs, acts to clean up the environment, and reductions in taxation and
restrictive immigration laws.
•
Problems with the War on Poverty included limited funding, the
difficulty of holding together a diverse political coalition, conflicting
group interests, the rise of a conservative backlash, the Vietnam War,
and Democratic Party disillusionment.
68.
69.
70.
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•
Difficulties included fighting in a jungle environment, fighting a determined
enemy, discerning friend from foe within the civil war context of Vietnamese
society, domestic antiwar sentiment which included draft resistance, low troop
morale, Johnson's fears of the “credibility gap,” and the failure of Congress to
officially declare a war in Vietnam.
•
The credibility gap stemmed from Johnson's unwillingness to level with the American
public regarding the escalation of violence in Vietnam. He did not want to endanger
his ambitious domestic agenda.
The absence of firm proof for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the lack of an official
war declared by Congress, and the generation gap between baby boomers in college
and their parents who ran the nation only widened Johnson's credibility gap.
71.
•
72.
•
•
The antiwar movement fed from the large numbers of young baby boomers in
college and high school during the 1960s who were raised to conform to
conservative American values but rejected that ethos despite privileged class
backgrounds.
Students were willing to protest the war because it was young men who were
being drafted. They were also influenced by the countercultural movement of the
1960s which emphasized nonviolence, and many students were inspired by the
civil rights protests led by African American people and white supporters.
73.
•
Sensory experimentation through music, sex, and recreational drug use,
nonconformity, nonviolence, appreciation for cultural diversity, and a
belief in socialism and communism as alternative government systems to
exploitative capitalism.
•
The Black Power movement arose in response to feelings of alienation on the
part of the youth leaders of the civil rights movement. They felt that only by
asking black people to rely on racial pride and other blacks for help would true
equality be achieved in America. White assistance was not welcome in this
new departure.
The movement also arose in response to violence on the west coast against
African American youth, prompting the rise of a militant response in the form
of armed Black Panthers.
The movement further rose in response to the need for black-run organizations
to address issues of poverty in major American cities.
74.
•
•
75.
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•
Both groups shared similar experiences of racial discrimination as
African Americans, the visible and public struggles of blacks gave
hope to other oppressed peoples, and many civil rights leaders of
the black community reached out across ethnic lines to embrace
alternative struggles for social justice. Major leaders like Cesar
Chavez received inspiration from Martin Luther King, Jr., and
emulated his tactics.
•
Major riots in urban cities, violent protests on student campuses, the
Chicago Democratic convention riot, the election of president Nixon, the
Tet offensive in Vietnam, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr.,
and Bobby Kennedy.
76.
77.
•
The Democrats lost power in part due to a conservative backlash led
by blue-collar white workers, many of whom would leave and join
the Republican Party, against an enlargement of the welfare state and
an increase in integration in communities across the nation during the
civil rights movement. These same interest groups rejected the
countercultural revolution and student protest against the Vietnam
War.
78. • Nixon helped to increase cynicism by American people regarding domestic
and foreign policy decisions by major leaders due to his secrecy surrounding
the Watergate investigation and war escalation in Southeast Asia.
• Nixon also helped to increase the power of the presidency over the other two
branches of government. In the wake of the Nixon years, Congress passed
legislation to curb the powers of the President.
• Nixon also helped to shift American domestic politics to the right by calling
attention to the problems of the countercultural and civil rights movements
and encouraging a “silent majority” to retake American society from leftists.
79. •
Declining expectations arose from a downturn in the economy, deindustrialization,
rising unemployment, a rise in inflation, the energy crisis, an increase in government
corruption and secrecy leading to public cynicism, the countercultural movement
emphasized anti-consumerism, realization of environmental problems, the failure of the
civil rights movement to achieve equality for African Americans, and the failure of the
U.S. to win the Vietnam War despite a generation of sacrifice.
80. • A declining economy due to the Vietnam War and the deindustrialization of the
American heartland, a rising energy crisis due to OPEC, corruption and secrecy in the
Nixon administration in the form of Watergate, the escalation of the Vietnam War to
Cambodia and Laos, loss of credibility abroad and at home due to the civil rights
movement and Vietnam conflict, the rise of Third World nations, the increase in
Soviet military power, congressional attempts to limit the expanded powers of the
presidency in the wake of the Nixon administration, and the emphasis on human rights
and peacemaking by the Carter administration pulled the U.S. out of an imperial mode
of foreign policy.
81. New Federalism
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82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
Henry Kissinger
Mao Zedong
mining
SALT I
58,000; 300,000
George McGovern; delegates
Democratic; Watergate
resign
Freedom of Information
Title IX
Phyllis Schlafly
affirmative action
African Americans
Earl Warren
Israel
Silent Spring
Earth Day
Santa Barbara
Vietnam; Great
inflation; unemployment
Rust
economy
Egypt; Israel
Iran; the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
• Nixon operated within the context of a Congress controlled by the
Democrats—a legacy of the New Deal and Great Society eras.
• Nixon also inherited the quagmire of Vietnam, which forced him to act as a
transitional figure in managing the war.
• The working-class people that Nixon was appealing to, known as the “silent
majority,” wanted health care and social security to increase as part of the
legacy of the New Deal coalition, forcing Nixon to meet their needs. Nixon
was strongly influenced by Daniel Moynihan, a White House adviser on
urban affairs.
• Nixon himself was actually not a laissez-faire conservative at heart, and was
really a technocrat experimenter with the mechanics of government.
107. • This meant advancing the national interests at all costs,
including military aggression against Third World nations.
Commitment to allies, extending democracy abroad, and
championing human rights all came second. These efforts
required the use of secrecy, violations of the Constitution,
and bypassing Congress, a tactic that eventually brought
down the Nixon administration.
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108. • It took four years due to North Vietnamese stubborn resistance on
the battlefield and in negotiations in Paris, Nixon wanted to
continue fighting the conflict with American money and did not
want to be the first president to lose a U.S. war, Nixon's escalation
of the bombing campaign in Laos and Cambodia despite
Vietnamization convinced the North Vietnamese that he was not
serious about negotiating an end to the war, and the election of
1972 finally forced him to produce concrete results in Paris.
109. •
The increasing level of secrecy and use of illegal methods to
obtain political advantage by the Nixon regime produced the
conditions for the break-in and ensuing scandal. The
significance of the scandal stems from its cancerous impact on
the Nixon presidency. The Nixon White House attempted to
cover up the break-in, leading to congressional hearings and
Nixon's eventual resignation from office.
110. • The stimulus of the black civil rights movement, other major social
reform movements of the era, positive signals from Washington
D.C. in the form of legislation, and the change-of-life experiences
by middle-aged women like Betty Friedan who wrote the Feminine
Mystique, the bible of the feminist movement.
111. • White resistance in the south at the local and state level to integration
presented a formidable obstacle to applying the legal tenets of civil rights
legislation. Local whites lobbied Congress, formed official white citizen's
councils, and also utilized violence through the KKK to stop
implementation of civil rights legislation.
• Enforcing civil rights was also a judicial and executive function that
presidents and southern judges were responsible for. Political concerns
often derailed presidential enforcement of civil rights.
112. • Traditionally, it had been liberals who favored judicial restraint, meaning that
the courts must defer to legislatures. Many felt that the Brown decision of
1954 violated judicial restraint.
• Big issues that came before the courts after 1954 altered liberal thinking.
Now that personal rights were the major issue, liberals argued for activist
judges and conservatives argued for judicial restraint, the reverse of
pre-1954.
113. •
•
•
Once the leading producer of oil in the world, by the late 1960s the
U.S. was heavily dependent on importing oil, mostly from the
Persian Gulf.
Emerging Muslim states controlled the supply of oil through
conspiring in restraint of trade through the formation of OPEC.
In 1973 U.S. support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War alienated
emerging Muslim states and led to an oil embargo, crippling the U.S.
Conditions became worse after the Iranian hostage crisis of 1979.
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114. • The major causes included the energy crisis, the realization of the finite nature
of U.S. resources, the influence of the counterculture and its rights of nature
ethos, and the overabundance of material goods and conspicuous consumption
that fed a baby boomer desire to enjoy the quality of life they were
purchasing.
115. • Causes: Outdated equipment from the World War II era, Japanese and
German competition from rebuilt and modernized factories, the
reduction of natural resources like iron ore due to constant over
production, and advances in international shipping decreased the cost
of foreign competition.
• Effects: A decline in the steel industry, the death of numerous
communities, an increase in unemployment in the industrial sector, a
rise in the service sector, a decrease in power held by unions and
union membership by the working class, and an increase in anti-tax
sentiment.
116. • When the oil embargo of 1979 led to a downturn in the U.S. economy in the
form of inflation, Carter's lack of experience as an outsider in Washington
politics, his reliance on other outsiders as advisors, the problem of
stagnation, a low approval rating, and his penchant for micromanagement
prevented him from dealing effectively with the energy crisis.
117. • Carter's foreign policy avoided the use of secrecy and violations of
congressional oversight. Carter emphasized human rights and peacemaking,
which included bringing Israel and Egypt together after decades of violence
and tension. Carter attempted in Latin America to reverse Yankee
imperialism and the communist containment theory of Nixon and his
predecessors.
• Nixon was more successful than Carter in terms of projecting American
power around the globe and dealing with tensions in the Soviet Union and
the Middle East. Carter appeared soft on foreign military challenges. The
bungled attempted to free the Iranian hostages doomed Carter's reelection in
1980. But Nixon's secret policy of war escalation marked him as a ruthless
politician by the American public.
118. •
119. •
•
•
All three presidents cut back on social welfare legislation and other
entitlement programs, moved the center of American politics toward the
right, reduced civil rights legislation, increased the size of the American
military, projected military power abroad, and increased the role of
religion in American politics.
Both involved issues of presidential power and secrecy that evolved into
scandals that rocked their administrations at the end of their second term in
office, thereby tarnishing an otherwise successful record of
accomplishments.
Both issues also involved the media, which played a major role in shaping
public opinion.
Both issues included a massive congressional investigation that entailed the
expenditure of millions of dollars in taxpayer funds.
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120. •
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
New challenges included the rise of Islamic militancy in the wake of the Soviet
collapse in Afghanistan and central Asia, the proliferation of nuclear fission material
throughout the eastern European world, the Balkan and African crises, and the Middle
East tensions between Israel and Palestinians. These all served as potent reminders of
a world in conflict as well as the limits of American power. If not quite as dangerous
as the Cold War era, the “new world order” was no less problematic in terms of
projecting American military power abroad.
Democrat
Barry Goldwater
Republican
Edward Kennedy
John Anderson
Teflon
Economic Recovery Tax Act
taxes
Strategic Defense Initiative
Geraldine Ferraro; Walter Mondale
Sandinista
Boland Amendment
Oliver North
Sandra Day O'Connor
William Rehnquist
Mikhail Gorbachev
external pressure; internal weaknesses
glasnost (openness); perestroika (economic restructuring)
Jesse Jackson
NAACP; Urban League
No New Taxes
American
Contract with America
two
Monica Lewinsky
•
The key groups included the Religious Right, working-class voters,
disillusioned Democrats, affluent white Protestants, southern whites who
left the Democratic party, Catholic blue-collar workers, young voters, and
socially mobile residents of rapidly growing suburban communities.
•
They were linked through the shared values of anti-big government,
anti-affirmative action, anti-feminism, pro-Christianity, anti-welfare,
anti-communism, fear of drugs, and pro-war.
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147. •
148. •
149. •
•
150. •
151. •
Factors included Jimmy Carter's sinking popularity; the fact that millions of
citizens were feeling the pinch from stagnate wages, high inflation, crippling
mortgages, and an unemployment rate of nearly eight percent; the nation
blamed Carter for failing to respond strongly to Soviet expansion and to the
Iranian hostage crisis; the Republicans had superior financial resources; the
Democratic Party saw its key constituency—organized labor—dwindle in size
and influence; and the GOP used its ample funds to reach voters through a
sophisticated campaign of television and direct mail advertisements.
Key elements included rolling back the expanded liberal state, lowering
federal taxes, reducing social welfare spending, reducing the regulatory
bureaucracy, increasing the supply of goods, and higher defense
spending to create a large national debt.
Limits included the fact that Congress did not pass all of Reagan's
conservative legislation; environmental groups lobbied against his
conservative appointments; appointees like James Watt scandalized the
administration through corruption and controversy, as did the Iran-Contra
affair; and the welfare and bureaucratic state actually expanded under
Reagan's conservative leadership.
Successes included an increase in defense spending, a rolling back of
regulatory legislation, an increase in U.S. efforts to contain communism
abroad, and an increase in military spending.
Factors included external pressure from the United States, the internal weaknesses of
the Communist economy and society, the president's support of CIA Director William
Casey's policy to fund guerillas who were trying to overthrow pro-communist
governments, and a build-up in American military strength. In addition, the Russian
economy fell farther and farther behind those of capitalist societies, Gorbachev's
policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) spurred
widespread criticism of the Communist regime, and the peoples of eastern and central
Europe demanded the ouster of their Communist governments.
Changes included the appointment of more conservative judges, the appointment
of conservative African American and female judges, the movement of the court
to the right, the court's challenge of abortion rights, and an overall conservative
majority ready and willing to limit or invalidate liberal legislation and legal
precedents.
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