Download AP Euro Unit 5 Study Guide Absolutism, Nation

AP Euro Unit 5 Study Guide
Terms
Baroque
Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)
James I (1603-25)
divine right monarchy
Louis XIII (1610-43)
royal councils
intendants
Philip IV (1621-65)
The Fronde
Louis XIV (1643-1715)
Charles I (1625-49)
Petition of Right (1628)
William Laud (1573-1645)
Long Parliament
Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)
Stuart Restoration
Charles II (1660-1685)
James II (1685-88)
John Locke (1632-1704)
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
William and Mary
Bill of Rights (1689)
Frederick William (1640-88)
Junker
Peter I (1682-1725)
Battle of Poltava (1709)
St. Petersburg
raison d'etat
revocation of Edict of Nantes
Versailles
Act of Settlement
mercantilism
Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
War of Spanish Succession (1701-14)
triangular trade
Absolutism, Nation-States, and Commercial Revolution
Navigation Acts
calicoes
Bank of England (1694)
joint-stock company
bills of exchange
flyboats
Dutch Republic
Bank of Amsterdam (1609)
slave trade
English/Dutch East India Comp.
Dutch-Anglo naval wars
Nine Years War (1689-97)
Seven Years' War (1756-63)
Table of Ranks
Charter of the Nobility (1785)
Pugachev's Revolt (1774)
Pragmatic Sanction
War of Austrian Succession (1740-48)
partitions of Poland (1772, 93, 95)
Great Northern War (1700-21)
poll tax
conscription
serfdom
Catherine the Great (1762-96)
Frederick William I (1713-40)
Frederick the Great (1740-86)
enlightened absolutism
Maria Theresa (1740-80)
Joseph II (1780-90)
party system--Whigs and Tories
Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745)
patronage
George III (1760-1820)
Seven Years War (1756-63)
Diplomatic Revolution
Silesia
Unit Outline
The Royal State
reason: to provide security/order, promote interests of state, needs of warfare
NOTE: compare French and British evolution of absolute monarchy
Divine Right--Bishop Bousset/Jean Bodin, organic view, "one king, faith, law"
Efforts at Centralization
Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIII
Spain--Count-Duke Olivares and Philip IV but failed
econ. weak--taxes, inflation, emigration
focus on relig. zeal--upper class crusaders/priests
disunity (Moors, Moriscos, conversos)--persecution
rebellions
Stuarts--diff. in taxing
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Absolutism, Nation-States, and Commercial Revolution
methods: courts, intendants, taxes, selling offices,
Opposition/Crisis
Causes--taxes, pop. pressures, war, bad harvests, state regulation
right to resist
Hugeunot thinkers--right to resist civil auth. if unjust
Fronde
England
James I (1603-25)--financial diff.
Puritan demands--get rid of Cath, epispocacy
Charles I (1625-49)
new prayer book in Scotland (1637)
ship money
Bishop Laud
Long Parliament (no funds to fight invading Scots)
Civil War (1642-49)
military forces more radical take over
try king and execute in 1649
Commonwealth
Rump Parliament and Council of State
Stuart Restoration--toleration, Parl. role
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Locke (Second Treatise) and Hobbes (Leviathan)
Eastern Europe
Prussia
Fred. Will--Great Elector (1640-88)
excise taxes, armies, bureau--united scattered states
focus is army
Peter I/Russia
the man
western tour/ideas
conscription, factories, St. Petersburg
expansion (v. Poles, Swedes)
Louis XIV (1661-1715)--Versailles (the symbol)
Colbert as finance minister
Louvois--army of 400,000
intendents, bureau.
failures--persecution of Hug. (revoke Nantes), war
Culture--Baroque (ornate, elegant, structured, grand)
Scientific and Commercial Revolutions
theme: challenge religion, augment state power, Europe controlling world
New Science
Aristotle's view
Copernicus (1473-1543)--heliocentric
Brahe (1546-1601)--data to prove
Kepler (1571-1630)--laws of planetary motion
Galileo (1564-1642)--observation, gravity, recantation
Scientific Method
empirical, reason, inductive, deductive
Descartes--mind and matter, Christian skeptic, deductive, math
Robert Boyle--atomic theory
William Harvey--dissection, circulation
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Trade
Absolutism, Nation-States, and Commercial Revolution
Leuwenhoek--microscope
Newton (1642-1727)--laws of motion, mechanics, calculus
Francis Bacon--empirical
scientific societies--Royal Academy of London
Dutch
Constit. state
econ. wealth--flyboats, location, tolerance
Bank of Amsterdam
banks--role in exchange and provide capital (Bank of England--1694)
technology, practices--bills of exchange, acct., joint-stock
merchants and profit
triangular trade
consumption
spice trade (Dutch East Indies)
India--Great Britain (calicoes, spices, tea)
sugar
change in diet
luxuries and art (Rembrandt, etc.)
Mercantilism
the theory--zero-sum, gold, colonies
practice
tariffs
regulation (Navigation Acts)
monopolies (Dutch East India, British East India, etc.)
Wars
Britain-Dutch naval wars
over Cromwell's Navigation Act
1652-54, 1665-67 (take N.Y.--anyone want it back?), 1672-74
France gangs up (open dikes)--Treaty of Nijmegen
Louis XIV
balance of power
desire for Burgundian lands
Nine Years War--seize Cologne
Grand Alliance--GB, Dutch, Germans
Treaty of Ryswick
Spanish Succession (1701-14)
v. Leopold I of Austria
Utrecht (1714)--Sp. terr. in Italy/Neth to Aust.
France loses gains, G.B. advances in North Amer.
Seven Years War (1756-63)--G.B. gains N. Amer.
Multiple-Choice Questions
AP European History
Exam, Unit 5
1. Which is the best characterization of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713-14)?
a. it solidified the revival of Spain by enhancing its territories
b. it marked the success of Louis XIV's policy of expansion
c. it led to the decline of the Hohenzollerns
d. it destroyed the balance of power on the continent
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e. it signified the rise of Great Britain as a commercial power
2. Which of the following was an economic policy of Louis XIV's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert?
a. Raising money through internal tariffs
b. Encouraging international competition through lower tariffs and free-trade policies
c. Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve of the quality of French export
goods
d. Opening France's colonies to foreign merchants and trade
e. Reducing military spending
3. The shaded areas of the map of early eighteenth-century France shown above represent:
a. lands controlled by peasants revolting against feudal obligations
b. territorial acquisitions during the reign of Louis XIV
c. land controlled by foreign rulers within the kingdom of France
d. Huguenot strongholds that still existed after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
e. former Spanish territories on the border of France
4. Which of the following is true of Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)?
a. He led the French church in opposition to the monarchy.
b. He expelled the Huguenots from France.
c. He strengthened the intendant method of local government.
d. He effectively abolished the sale of offices and tax farming in France.
e. He supported the French nobility against the monarchy.
5. In the first half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries led Europe in
shipbuilding, navigation, and commerce and banking?
a. France
b. Russia
c. Netherlands
d. Spain
e. England
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6. All of the following were new consumer goods becoming popular in European markets in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries EXCEPT:
a. sugar
b. tobacco
c. coffee
d. specie
e. tea
7. In the second half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries dominated European
culture, politics, and diplomacy?
a. England
b. Spain
c. Russia
d. France
e. Prussia
8. Which of the following was a primary result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
a. the establishment of universal male suffrage
b. the restoration of Roman Catholicism to both England and Scotland
c. the limitation of the monarchy's power
d. the execution of James II
e. the triumph of Puritanism
9. John Locke based his Two Treatises on Government primarily on which of the following views of human
nature?
a. People are basically rational and learn from practical experience.
b. People are weak and sinful and need the guidance of organized religion.
c. People are fallible and need guidance from the cumulative wisdom of tradition.
d. People are quarrelsome and should be encouraged to revolt against state authority.
e. People are born with all knowledge, and learning is the process of remembering innate ideas.
10. The principal reason why Louis XIV (1643-1715) built his palace at Versailles was to
a. tighten his control over the nobility
b. strengthen his ties with the Huguenots
c. move the king's residence nearer to the center of the country
d. provide thousands of jobs
e. absorb the excess revenue produced by mercantilist tax policies
11. After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was
governed for a decade by
a. a democratic republic with universal suffrage
b. a commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell
c. a constitutional monarchy under King James II
d. the king of Scotland
e. a parliamentary council dominated by Levellers
12. Which of the following characterized European warfare between the Peace of Utrecht (1713) and the
outbreak of the French Revolution (1789)?
a. standing armies pursuing limited strategic goals
b. citizen armies fighting for their native lands
c. feudal armies fighting for their lords
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d. mass armies pursuing global strategies
e. highly mobile armies unhampered by traditional defenses
13. In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Prussia, the Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the
army in return for:
a. the right to sell their lands
b. control of an independent national parliament
c. toleration of their religious diversity
d. exemption from all taxes
e. virtually absolute power over their serfs
14. The Russian woodcut above (about 1698) symbolizes Peter the Great's:
a. victory over the Swedes in the Great Northern War
b. elimination of the Cossacks as a political force within Russia
c. imposition of Western values on the Russian nobility
d. initiation of the partition of Poland
e. struggle with his son, Alexis, for control of Russia
15. The Fronde revolt in France from 1648-52:
a. deposed Louis XIII from power
b. resulted in a short-lived aristocratic oligarchy
c. was aimed against high taxes and foreign influence in government
d. led to a devastating civil war that ravaged the French economy for decades
e. led to French involvement in the Thirty Years War
16. According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should be
a. granted independence as soon as possible
b. acquired as markets and sources of raw materials
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c. considered an economic burden for the colonial power
d. used as settlement areas for surplus populations
e. encouraged to develop their own industries
17. The acquisition of which of the following territories during the mid-eighteenth century helped to
establish Prussia as a great power?
a. Bohemia
b. Bavaria
c. Brandenburg
d. Silesia
e. Saxony
18. The concept of the balance of power, as it emerged by the end of the seventeenth and beginning of
eighteenth centuries, had which of the following as its fundamental aim?
a. the elimination of war as an instrument of international relations
b. preventing the dominance of a single power
c. an approximate balance between land and sea powers
d. isolation of conflict to certain contested land areas
e. a checks and balances system of government
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19. The map above of eighteenth-century Russia suggests which of the following about Russian territory
between 1689 and 1796?
a. The Ottoman Empire annexed the Crimea.
b. Peter the Great added more territory to Russia than did Catherine the Great.
c. Most Russian expansion took place in the east.
d. Russia ceded territory to Poland in the late eighteenth century.
e. Russia acquired navigable seaports in both the north and south.
20. In the eighteenth century, all of the following were significant motives for wars EXCEPT
a. dynastic claims
b. balance of power considerations
c. commercial rivalries
d. religious differences
e. policies of territorial expansion
21. Which of the following was the most significant challenge faced by the Austrian Habsburgs after
1648?
a. loss of major territories to the Spanish Habsburgs
b. the difficulty of centralizing a multi-ethnic empire
c. continual raids by Muslim pirates in the Mediterranean
d. Russian efforts to expand in the Baltic
e. French aggression in the Seven Years War (1756-63)
22. The Commercial Revolution would best be defined as
a. a revolution in commerce
b. the application of scientific ideas to navigation
c. the exploitation and subjugation of colonies
d. the development of new banking institutions
e. a rapid expansion in trade involving new goods and techniques
23. In the mid-seventeenth century, the area shaded in black shown on the map above belonged to
a. Russia
b. Poland
c. Sweden
d. Austria
e. Brandenburg-Prussia
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24. In eighteenth-century Europe, the most important imperial rivalries existed among which three of the
following?
a. Russia, France, and Great Britain
b. The German states, the Italian states, and Great Britain
c. The German states, the Italian states, and France
d. France, Russia, and Spain
e. Spain, France, and Great Britain
25. Which of the following best characterizes the British political system in the eighteenth century?
a. the use of royal patronage to overcome noble factionalism in the Parliament
b. popular elections and rising lower-class participation in government
c. the aggressive foreign policy of Prime Minister Robert Walpole
d. fundamental reform of parliament and the elimination of "rotten boroughs"
e. the growing political dominance of urban centers
26. The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 refers to:
a. the introduction of permanent ambassadors at each of the great powers
b. the first use of siege tactics in warfare
c. the rise of the Eastern powers of Prussia, Russia, and Austria
d. a shift in alliances that united France and Habsburg Austria against Prussia
e. the Treaty of Paris, which referred to colonial possessions for the first time
27. Poland's decline as a major political entity during the seventeenth century can be attributed largely
to:
a. the failure of the papacy to recognize the legitimacy of the Polish kings
b. a population decline resulting from the Thirty Years' War
c. the conquest of the kingdom by the Ottoman Turks
d. failure of universities to create a literate aristocracy
e. the absence of a powerful central authority
28. Which set of states was in serious decline during the eighteenth century?
a. Sweden, Austria, Prussia
b. Poland, Britain, and Ottoman Empire
c. Sweden, Poland, and Ottoman Empire
d. Poland, Ottoman Empire, and Prussia
e. Russia, France, and Netherlands
29. Louis XIV of France used all of the following methods to assert absolute power EXCEPT:
a. appointed intendants as provincial officials
b. made nobles hold his nightshirt as he awoke
c. built the great palace at Versailles
d. subdued the parlements
e. extended religious toleration to Huguenots
30. As a proportion of its population and national wealth, which of the following had the largest military
establishment in the eighteenth century?
a. Russia
b. England
c. Prussia
d. France
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e. Austria
31 Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment carried out by Peter the Great of Russia?
a. assertion of control over boyars
b. secular control of Orthodox Church
c. acquisition of Poland
d. building of St. Petersburg
e. defeat of Swedes and Ottomans
32. Mercantilist economic policies can best be described as:
a. state intervention to achieve positive trade balances
b. laissez-faire
c. avoidance of imperial responsibilities
d. hostility to innovation
e. focus on agricultural development
33. Reasons for the decline of the Netherlands in the late seventeenth century included all of the
following EXCEPT:
a. religious toleration of minorities
b. excessive military spending
c. impact of war on shipping and commerce
d. naval defeat by England
e. relative lack of resources and population
34. The War of Spanish Succession ended with:
a. the Habsburgs reigning in Spain
b. Louis XIV’s grandson as king of Spain
c. Silesia granted to Frederick II
d. Italy united under French rule
e. Britain withdrawing from its colonies
35. Emperor Joseph II of Austria failed in his attempts to reform his country because he:
a. lacked ruthlessness
b. failed to win the support of the peasantry
c. was unwilling to dissolve monasteries
d. failed to abolish the robot
e. agreed with his mother’s opinions
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36. This illustration appeared in:
a. Shakespeare’s Hamlet
b. Cervantes’s Don Quixote
c. Thomas More’s Utopia
d. Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan
e. Isaac Newton’s Principia
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37. The painting shown above, “Judith Slaying Holofernes” by Artemsia Gentilischi, is distinguished by
its dramatic treatment of the subject, an oversized canvas, and intense use of light and shadow. The art
movement it represents is which of the following?
a. Baroque
b. Renaissance
c. Gothic
d. Dutch realism
e. Neoclassicism
38. In the period from Columbus’ discovery of the Americas to the American Revolution all of the
following goods were imported from the New World to Europe in large quantities EXCEPT:
a. sugar
b. silver
c. iron ore
d. furs
e. tobacco
39. The Dutch Republic rose to prominence in seventeenth-century Europe because of which of the
following factors?
a. Its agricultural innovations
b. Its military strength
c. Its literary creativity
d. Its religious unity
e. Its shipping and commerce
40. The revolt against France’s increasingly centralized monarchy in 1648-52 is generally known as:
a. the Mazarinade
b. Colbertism
c. the Fronde
d. the siege of La Rochelle
e. October Days
41. Which of the following is true about the rulers of both Austria and Prussia during the seventeenth
century?
a. They patterned their society after that of the Ottoman Empire.
b. They successfully avoided war for most of the century.
c. They created centralized, unified nation-states.
d. They abolished serfdom.
e. They maintained permanent standing armies.
42. Which of the following is true of Frederick William I, king of Prussia from 1713-40?
a. He lived lavishly off the taxes that his bureaucracy collected.
b. He built a first-rate army and infused Prussia society with military values.
c. He refused to employ commoners in his bureaucracy.
d. He recruited tall soldiers from all of Europe to fight in his frequent wars.
e. He encouraged the development of local self-government.
43. The Peace of Utrecht (1713-14) altered the balance of power in Europe by:
a. checking French expansion
b. decreasing Austrian territorial holdings
c. decreasing England’s colonial empire
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d. granting sovereignty over Belgium to the Netherlands
e. granting independence to Spain’s New World colonies
44. One policy Peter the Great used to make Russia a great power was to:
a. decrease the tax burden on his poorer subjects
b. build a new capital where his nobles and merchants were obliged to settle
c. abolish serfdom
d. encourage national pride by urging his subjects to retain traditional dress and customs
e. introduce military conscription for all adult males
45. The principal reason England reverted to a monarchical form of government following the
Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell lay in Cromwell’s:
a. ineffective mercantilist policy
b. inability to establish broad popular support for his government
c. inability to impose religious uniformity
d. ineffective foreign policy
e. inability to control dissidents in the army
46. Which of the following contributed to the economic decline of Spain in the seventeenth century?
I. The overexpansion of Spanish manufactures
II. The loss of a colonial empire
III. High taxes resulting from warfare
IV. The expulsion of the Moriscos
a. I and II only
b. II and III only
c. III and IV only
d. I, II, and III only
e. I, II, III, and IV
47. Mercantilism was principally characterized by:
a. government efforts to build a strong, self-sufficient economy
b. the efforts of the merchant class to influence policy by subsidizing government
c. efforts by bankers and exporters to establish free trade
d. the theory that gold and silver were not real wealth
e. the view that labor ought to be able to seek its own market
48. In the first half of the seventeenth century, the Austrian Habsburgs subdued revolt and centralized
control in their territories by doing which of the following?
a. Emancipating the peasantry and encouraged agricultural development
b. Allying with urban middle classes and encouraging commercial development
c. Establishing a national church headed by the Habsburg emperor and redistributing church
properties
d. Creating a customs union to promote trade and acquiring colonies for raw materials
e. Waging warfare against rebel groups and supporting the Counter Reformation
49. The French monarchy in the seventeenth century sought to expand France’s borders to its “natural
frontiers” by gaining control of:
a. Schleswig-Holstein
b. Milan
c. Alsace
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d. Spain
e. Tuscany
50. The shaded areas on the map above represent which of the following?
a. Dynastic lands of the Habsburgs in the sixteenth century
b. Participants in the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century
c. Protestant regions in the eighteenth century
d. Areas opposed to the papacy in the sixteenth century
e. Regions experiencing fastest commercial growth in the seventeenth century
51. Which of the following was generally supported by the mercantilists?
a. Formation of new guilds
b. Destruction of factories
c. Creation of a universal monetary standard
d. Development of colonies
e. Decentralization of government
52. The system of intendants was established in seventeenth-century France primarily to:
a. empower the French nobility
b. implement royal policies locally
c. make the peasantry return to the land
d. collect taxes from the towns
e. improve France’s ability to fight foreign wars
53. In the eighteenth century, the effectiveness of the Russian monarchy was limited by:
a. the enormous land area of the country
b. the independent position of the Orthodox Church
c. a united, rebellious nobility
d. a prosperous middle class located in fortified towns
e. a newly free class of former serfs
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54. Which of the following is an accurate characterization of England in the period 1688-1715?
a. A Puritan theocracy
b. An absolute monarchy
c. A democracy practicing religious toleration
d. A merchant republic increasingly under Dutch dominance
e. A constitutional monarchy controlled by an aristocratic oligarchy
55. The establishment and growth of St. Petersburg during the early eighteenth century was part of Peter
the Great’s attempt to do which of the following?
a. Strengthen his alliances with the Baltic states
b. Improve relations with the Orthodox Church
c. Remake Russian institutions to be as effective as those in western Europe
d. Reduce the high cost of government in the old capital of Moscow
e. Discourage further Russian expansion eastward into Asia
56. Which of the following was a major characteristic of the English monarchy in the eighteenth century?
a. A return to its “divine right” position of the seventeenth century
b. A steadily widening discrepancy between its theoretical and its real powers
c. Its growth in power because of its many victories over the French
d. Its refusal to support the emerging cabinet system
e. Its growing wealth due to effective taxation policies
57. According to the map above, during the eighteenth century, Russia expanded in Europe primarily by
gaining territory from:
a. Austria
b. the Ottoman Empire
c. Poland
d. Prussia
e. Sweden
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58. A major result of the War of Spanish Succession (1701-13) and Treaty of Utrecht (1713-14) was to:
a. unite the Spanish and French thrones under the Bourbons
b. signify the decline of the British navy after a short-lived domination
c. cause a long-term decline in international commerce and trade
d. introduce significant new developments in warfare and weapons
e. end the last threat to the balance of power by Louis XIV of France
Year
1515
1560
1575
1598
1623
1667
CROWN INCOME AND DEBT IN CASTILE (in millions of ducats)
Revenue
Debt
Interest on Debt
1.5
12
0.8
5.3
35
2.0
6.0
50
3.8
9.7
85
4.6
15.0
112
5.6
36.0
130
9.1
59. The above chart on the finances of the Spanish province of Castile can best be explained by:
a. inflation caused by the importation of precious metals from Spain's New World colonies
b. an increase in government expenditures to address the problem of urban poverty
c. the cost of military expenditures and warfare
d. wasteful spending by the Habsburg monarchy on luxuries for the crown
e. loans to support Spain's French allies in their battle against the Turks
60. Which of the following is most closely associated with Baroque art?
a. Calvinist ideas regarding predestination
b. the development of republican government
c. voyages of exploration and global trade
d. the mechanistic concepts of the Scientific Revolution
e. Roman Catholic efforts to reinvigorate spirituality
61. All of the following were reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a major trading power in the late
sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries EXCEPT:
a. the capture of important Portuguese colonies in the East Indies
b. a relatively tolerant culture that attracted skilled workers
c. a strategic location near key shipping lanes
d. an elite class that was interested in commercial opportunities
e. a strong monarchy that promoted economic development
62. Which of the following best explains the decline of Sweden as a major European power in the early
eighteenth century?
a. a series of weak leaders who led the nation into bankruptcy
b. significant population decline due to famine and disease
c. internal religious conflict between Lutherans and Calvinists
d. Prussian invasion and occupation of the country
e. rivalry with the larger and more resource-rich Russia
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63. The above painting by Jan Vermeer illustrates which of the following about Dutch society in the
seventeenth century:
a. the Dutch monarchy's taste for elegance and power in art
b. the prosperity of the Dutch and their celebration of domesticity
c. the involvement of Dutch women in scientific research
d. the sacrifices made by families during the war against Spain for independence
e. the relative poverty of the Dutch upper class
64. Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic of the
seventeenth century?
a. Popular democracy
b. Rule by an absolute monarch
c. Rule by wealthy merchants
d. Control by feudal lords
e. Rule by yeoman farmers
65. What were the three principal political entities in central and eastern Europe in the mid-seventeenth
century?
a. The Holy Roman Empire, the French kingdom, and Muscovy
b. The Holy Roman Empire, the Baltic states, and the Dutch Republic
c. Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and Poland
d. The Baltic states, the Italian city-states, and the Ottoman Empire
e. The French kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Poland
66. Of the following, which was the most important result of the Peace of Utrecht (1713)?
a. It allowed the unification of the thrones of France and Spain.
b. It weakened Great Britain’s effort to replace France as leading colonial power.
c. It divided the Spanish colonial empire between the French and the British.
d. It dealt a blow to the Austrian Habsburgs, who had expected to acquire Gibraltar.
e. It ended the efforts of Louis XIV to dominate continental European politics.
67. The leading economic center of early seventeenth-century Europe was:
a. Rome
b. Amsterdam
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c. London
d. Prague
e. Hamburg
68. Which of the following was the most important assumption underlying the economic philosophy of
mercantilism?
a. Expansion of trade would lead to greater production and lower prices.
b. Merchants were subversive elements who should be controlled.
c. The wealth of nations was limited and needed to be carefully preserved.
d. Population growth would allow nations to emerge from the cycle of poverty.
e. Production of good for consumption should be encouraged.
69. The Habsburg Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) issued his Pragmatic Sanction in order to:
a. provide for the division of his territories after his death
b. allow him to partition Poland
c. allow him to trade Protestant lands that he ruled in Germany for Catholic lands elsewhere
d. guarantee the succession of his eldest daughter to the throne
e. eliminate serfdom in his territories
70. Which of the following best helps to explain the economic and political decline of Spain during the
seventeenth century?
a. The collective security measures implemented by Cardinal Richelieu in order to prevent the
spread of Catholicism.
b. The extensive battles waged in the Iberian Peninsula between the imperial forces and various
coalitions of Protestants.
c. The extension of the empire’s commitments beyond its resources.
d. The advocacy of religious toleration by the Spanish rulers to promote the immigration of nonCatholic groups into Spain.
e. The secret treaty between England and France to embargo the ports of the Iberian Peninsula.
71. Between 1650 and 1750, which of the following was the most valuable export from the British and
French colonies of the New World to Europe?
a. Cotton
b. Sugar
c. Wheat
d. Corn
e. Naval supplies
“He desired glory and excellence beyond that of anyone else. He showed favor to vernacular poetry and
all the fine arts. Under him the city was not free, but it would have been impossible for it to have had a
better or more pleasing tyrant.”
72. The passage above most accurately describes:
a. Lorenzo de’ Medici
b. John Calvin
c. William of Orange
d. Frederick William I
e. Philip II
73. Italian women artists of the Renaissance and Baroque era were able to achieve recognition as artists
primarily as a result of their
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a. commissions from governments
b. work painting religious scenes in churches
c. role as important teachers in art schools
d. commissions from wealthy patrons
e. marriage to other famous artists
“That the pretended power of suspending laws of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority
without consent of Parliament is illegal.
That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative without grant of Parliament
for longer time or in other manner than the same is illegal.”
74. The provisions above from the English Bill of Rights were enacted in response to
a. Henry VIII’s divorce of Catherine of Aragon despite Parliament’s disapproval
b. Elizabeth I’s refusal to sign the death warrant against Mary, Queen of Scots
c. James II’s attempts to dominate Parliament
d. opposition aroused by the joint rule of William and Mary
e. the ineffectual rule of George I
75. One of the main aims of the reforms in Russia under Peter the Great (1689-1725) was to make high
social status more dependent on
a. aristocratic lineage
b. service to the state
c. wealth
d. ethnic origin
e. membership in the Orthodox Church
76. The emblem above was used a symbol for which of the following?
a. Napoleon I
b. Voltaire
c. Louis XIV
d. Colbert
e. Cardinal Mazarin
77. Which of the following was the major language spoken in most courts and diplomatic circles of
Europe by the late seventeenth century?
a. German
b. French
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c. English
d. Spanish
e. Italian
78. In seventeenth-century Poland, the most significant political influence was exercised by the
a. nobility
b. town councils
c. Polish monarch
d. Russian monarch
e. Habsburg Empire
79. The French Fronde is best described as the
a. first government formed after the French Revolution
b. civil war fought between Roman Catholics and Protestants
c. revolt over increasing centralization of royal power
d. wars between France and the Holy Roman Empire
e. style of architecture developed under Louis XIV
80. Which of the following cities dominated European trade and finance in the early seventeenth
century?
a. Venice
b. Paris
c. London
d. Amsterdam
e. Madrid
81. The cartoon above from seventeenth-century England is an attempt to ridicule
a. support of William and Mary by the Dutch
b. fighting between royalist and parliamentary armies during the English Civil War
c. the movement of Puritans to the New World
d. the widespread practice of wagering on dog fights
e. the refusal of Quakers to bear arms and fight
82. Which of the following represents the final defeat of efforts by the Ottoman Empire to acquire large
areas of central Europe?
a. The battle of Poltava (1709)
b. The battle of Lepanto (1571)
c. The battle of Nördlingen (1634)
d. The siege of Vienna (1683)
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e. The fall of Constantinople (1453)
83. Religious change in the seventeenth-century Netherlands led to
a. a great vitality in intellectual and artistic life
b. an emphasis on decorative rather than fine arts
c. a rebirth of fresco painting in the churches
d. the exclusion of women artists from portrait painting
e. the establishment of official censorship to purge Catholic influences from the arts
“Since my accession to the throne, I have very been anxious to conquer prejudices and to gain the
confidence of my people. I granted toleration, and removed the yoke which had oppressed Protestants
for centuries. Tolerance is a convincing proof of the improvement of the human mind.”
84. The author of the quotation above was most likely a
a. German ruler who had declared for Lutheranism
b. monarch devoted to the concept of absolutism
c. ruler influenced by Enlightenment precepts
d. sixteenth-century Russian tsar
e. Catholic ruler in the time of the Catholic Reformation
85. A major result of the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713) and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714) was
to
a. unite the Spanish and French thrones under a Bourbon ruler
b. finalize the decline of the British navy after a short-lived domination
c. cause a long-term decline in international commerce and trade
d. introduce significant new developments in weapons and warfare
e. prevent France from upsetting the balance of power
Essay Questions
’78: By 1700 it had become evident that western and eastern Europe were moving in opposite directions
in terms of their basic social structures. Discuss.
’82: In the seventeenth century, what political conditions accounted for the increased power of both the
Parliament in England and the monarch in France?
’85: In seventeenth-century England the aristocracy lost its privileges but retained its power; in
seventeenth-century France the aristocracy retained its privileges but lost its power. Analyze the
reasons for these developments.
’86: In the seventeenth century, how did England and the Dutch Republic compete successfully with
France and Spain for control of overseas territory and trade?
’87: Analyze the ways in which both the theory and practice of monarchy evolved in England from 1603
(accession of Stuarts) to 1688-89 (Glorious Revolution).
’88: Philip II of Spain (1556-1598) built the Escorial and Louis XIV of France (1643-1715) of France built
Versailles. Starting with the pictures of these palaces, analyze the similarities and differences in the
conception and practice of monarchy of these two kings.
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’89: Analyze the major ways through which Tsar Peter the Great (1689-1725) sought to reform his society
and institutions in order to strengthen Russia and its position in Europe.
’91: Analyze the military, political, and social factors that account for the rise of Prussia between 1640
and 1786.
’93: Describe and analyze the changes in the role of Parliament in English politics between the succession
of James I and the Glorious Revolution.
’93: In 1490 there was no such country as Spain, yet within a century it had become the most powerful
nation in Europe and within another had sunk to the status of third-rate power. Describe and analyze
the major social, economic, and political reasons for Spain’s rise and fall.
’94: Between 1450 and 1800, many women gained power as rulers, some as reigning queens, others as
regents. Identify two such powerful women and discuss how issues of gender, such as marriage and
reproduction, influenced their ability to obtain and exercise power.
’95: Analyze the influence of the theory of mercantilism on the domestic and foreign policies of France,
1600-1715.
’99: Machiavelli suggested that ruler should behave both “like a lion” and “like a fox.” Analyze the
policies of TWO of the following European rulers, indicating the degree to which they successfully
followed Machiavelli’s suggestion: Elizabeth I of England, Henry IV of France, Catherine the Great of
Russia, Frederick II of Prussia.
’99: Analyze the ways in which the contrasting styles of these two paintings reflect the different
economic values and social structures of France and the Netherlands in the seventeenth century.
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’01: Describe and analyze how overseas expansion by European states affected global trade and
international relations from 1600 to 1715.
’02: In what ways and to what extent did absolutism affect the power and status of the European
nobility in the period 1650 to 1750? Use examples from at least TWO countries.
‘02B: Compare and contrast the goals and major policies of Peter the Great of Russia (ruled 1682-1725)
with those of Frederick the Great of Prussia (ruled 1740-1786).
’03: Louis XIV declared his goal was “one king, one law, one faith.” Analyze the methods the king used to
achieve this objective and discuss the extent to which he was successful.
‘03B: Explain why Europe saw no lasting peace in the period between the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
and the Peace of Paris in 1763.
‘04B: Explain the reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power in the period
1550-1650.
’05: Analyze the economic, technological, and institutional factors responsible for western Europe’s
domination of world trade from 1650 to 1800.
‘05B: Discuss the economic policies and institutions that characterized mercantilist systems from 1600 to
1800.
‘06B: How and to what extent did the Commercial Revolution transform the European economy and
diplomatic balance of power in the period from 1650 to 1763?
’07: Analyze the factors that prevented the development of a unified German state in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries.
’07: Britain and France were engaged in a geopolitical and economic rivalry during the eighteenth
century. Identify the factors that contributed to this rivalry, and assess the results for both countries
over the period 1689 to 1789.
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‘07B: Using the two Dutch paintings above and your historical knowledge of the period, discuss how the
paintings reflect the economy and culture of the Netherlands in the seventeenth century.
’08: Analyze the methods and degrees of success of Russian political and social reform from the period of
Peter the Great (1689–1725) through Catherine the Great (1762–1796).
‘08B: Compare and contrast the political ideas of Hobbes and Locke.
’09: Compare and contrast the economic factors responsible for the decline of Spain with the economic
factors responsible for the decline of the Dutch Republic by the end of the seventeenth century.
’09: Analyze the extent to which Frederick the Great of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria advanced and
did not advance Enlightenment ideals during their reigns.
‘09B: Analyze the impact of the major developments of the Commercial Revolution on Europe’s economy
and society in the period 1650 to 1789.
’10: Analyze the ways in which European monarchs used both the arts and the sciences to enhance state
power in the period circa 1500–1800.
’10: Analyze the various effects of the expansion of the Atlantic trade on the economy of Western Europe
in the period circa 1450–1700.
‘10B: Compare and contrast the economic and social development of Russia with that of the Netherlands
in the period 1600–1725.
‘11B: Describe the challenges to royal authority in eastern Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries and evaluate the effectiveness of those challenges.
’96 DBQ: Challenges to Dutch security, unity, and prosperity
‘07B DBQ: Concepts of nobility in France from late 16th to late 18th century
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