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Transcript
Cells Chapter 7 Page 168 - 197 Cell Theory Types of Cells Organelles • • • • • • Cell Theory Cells are the basic units of life All living things have cells All cells come from preexisting cells Cells hold genetic information – DNA Cells have a membrane that encloses and protects it from its surroundings Cells divide and produce more cells through mitosis Types of Cells • Prokaryote – has no nucleus or organelles - usually unicellular (1 cell) - bacteria & viruses • Eukaryote – has a nucleus and organelles - usually multicellular (↑ 1 cell) - plants & animals • Both have a cell membrane & cytoplasm Key for Organelles • = what the organelles are made of 1. = functions of the organelles • • • • • Cell Membrane Thin flexible barrier made of a lipid bilayer that surrounds cells Lipid bilayer – 2 layers of lipids with proteins embedded in it with CHO chains attached Regulates what comes in & out of cell Protection support Cell Wall • Rigid layer outside of cell membrane • Made of carbohydrates & protein • Found only in plant cells 1. Provides support & protection to the cell • • • • Nucleus Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope Contains DNA Controls all cell activities DNA made here Nucleolus • Small dense region inside the nucleus 1. Makes ribosomes Chromatin • Granular material that consists of DNA • Found in the nucleus 1. Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides • • • Chromosome Thread like structures that contain genetic information Passes genetic information from one generation to the next Units of heredity Cytoplasm • Jellylike substance outside of nucleus but enclosed by the cell membrane • Where all organelles are found 1. Gives cell its shape • • • • Mitochondria Peanut shaped organelle enclosed by 2 membranes (inner & outer) Only inherited from your mom! Converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell can use for energy “powerhouse” “energy maker” Golgi Complex • Stacks of membranes closely packed together 1. modify, sort, & package proteins & other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for storage in the cell or for secretion out of the cell • Small particles of RNA & protein • Found throughout the cytoplasm • 2 types – free & attached Ribosome 1. Makes proteins • • • • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth (ER) Internal membrane system without ribosomes Contains enzymes Makes lipids Transports materials inside cell Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough (ER) • Internal membrane system with ribosome's attached • Surrounds the nucleus 1. Synthesis of proteins from ribosomes • Located near the nucleus • Made of microtubules 1. Helps with cell division Centrioles Cytoskeleton • • • • • Network of protein filaments Made of microfilaments & microtubules Help support cell Maintains its shape Helps materials move within the cell • • • • • Small organelle filled with enzymes Found only in animal cell Eats or breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, & proteins Removes junk from cell Breakdown old organelles Lysosome Chloroplast • Large stacks of membranes • Found only in plant cells 1. Capture energy from sunlight & converts it into chemical energy - Photosynthesis Vacuole • Storage saclike structures • Found only in plant cells 1. Stores water, food, salts, Carbohydrates, proteins & wastes • Specialized vacuole Contractile vacuole • • Pumps excess water out of cells Helps maintain homeostasis DIFFUSION – when particles tend to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. When the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane – EQUILIBRIUM is reached DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY Even when EQUILIBRIUM is reached, particles will continue to move across the membrane in both direction Is no further change to the CONCENTRATION Osmosis – diffusion of water across a membrane Water moves from higher concentration to lower concentration Water will tend to move across a membrane until EQUILIBRIUM is reached. ISOTONIC = “same strength” - SAME CONCENTRATION HYPERTONIC = “above strength” - MORE CONCENTRATION HYPOTONIC = “below strength” - LESS CONCENTRATION • • • • • • FACILITATED DIFFUSION Some molecules can not freely pass through the cell membrane PROTEINS in membrane will help or “FACILITATE” the movement of these molecules Proteins act like CHANNELS OR “TUNNELS” so the molecules can pass in and out of cell Even though it is fast & specific, IT IS STILL DIFFUSION SO IT DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY ACTIVE TRANSPORT When particles move from a lesser concentration to a higher concentration OPPOSITE of DIFFUSION REQUIRES ENERGY Carried out by transport protein or “pumps” that are in the membrane