Download Listes indicatives avec leur description

Listes indicatives avec leur description
BARBADE
Nom du bien : The Industrial Heritage of Barbados: The Story of Sugar and Rum
Coordonnées :
Date de soumission : 02/12/2014
Critères :
Soumis par : Barbados National Commission for UNESCO
Liste du PM (nom,id) :
État, province ou région :
Brève description
St. Nicholas Abbey: 13º16' N - 59º35' W
Morgan Lewis: 13º15' N - 59º34' W
Codrington College: 13º10‘15” N - 59º28‘30“E
Newton Burial Gr. : 13º04‘15'' N - 59º32’10“E:
Mount Gay Distilleries, St.Lucy; 13º17‘28” N - 59º36‘44“W
Favoured with a flat terrain, a geographical position to windward of all other islands which was easily defended, good
soils and rainfall, and a diverse population with access to sufficient capital, Barbados developed the earliest successful
sugar industry and slave society in the English Caribbean. Barbados’ prosperous sugar cultural landscape, located within
the rich soils of the island’s agricultural landscape, demonstrates its 17th to 20th century evolution through its intact
agricultural landscapes with industrial and residential built heritage. The site represents complex interrelationships of
land, labour and capital, as well as the continuation and adaptation of longstanding cultural traditions, specific to sugar
plantation development. It also illustrates the story of patronage, control and protection of this highly valued sugar
growing area, which contributed substantially to the economic development of Barbados and the British Empire, playing a
significant role in the history of the geo-cultural region of the Caribbean.
The nominated areas include representative elements of sugar cultivation and processing; sea and land routes; and
residential arrangements for the working and landholding populations, in the traditional sugar growing area since the 17th
century; clay outcrops, water resources; and geological formations within the Category V IUCN Protected Natural
Seascape/ Landscape. The selected areas have evolved over several centuries and are examples of intact relict and
continuing sugar landscapes. The selected areas were all, until the 20th century, entangled in a complex web of
ownership, family relationships and industrial management by the Barbadian planter elite who leveraged their property
ownership, profits and social and political networks to rise to the top of both Barbadian and British society.
Historical Overview: From the 1640s, increased European demand for sugar created a socioeconomic revolution. The
insatiable appetite for sugar, which could now be more readily available to the European populace, combined with the
sugarcane’s intensely demanding and unforgiving agro-industrial process, condemned the enslaved Africans who were
responsible for raising the crop to lifelong physical and psychological abuse. Slavery defined the Atlantic World with its
total reliance on African forced labour producing the primary materials that drove European mercantile economies. The
plantation complex lay at the core of colonial societies from Brazil and the West Indies to the American mainland and
West Africa. Enslaved Africans’ blood, sweat and tears forged complex international trade, social, and political networks
in the Atlantic World. Enslaved Africans, in spite of their bondage, resisted their enslavement in every possible way from
day to day acts of resistance to slow productivity on estates to marronage and open rebellion.
From 1643 until very recent times, sugar and rum production has been the mainstay of the Barbadian economy. The
requirements for the production and sale of sugar, and its by-products molasses and rum, dictated the social and political
development of the island, the region and Great Britain. The period from the mid-seventeenth through the mid-nineteenth
century is the most important for understanding the social, political, and economic impacts of sugar in the British Atlantic.
During this period, sugar became the most important commodity in the world. As a result, the tropical islands of the
Caribbean became the strategic centre of the Atlantic World and was vehemently defended and fought over in European
conflicts throughout the 17th and 19th centuries.
Nom du bien : The Scotland District of Barbados
Coordonnées : Barbados is located at 13o10' north latitude, 59o35' west longitude, about 150 km east of the Windward
Islands of the Lesser Antilles. The Scotland district makes up about 20% of the entire island and is located in its eastcentral part.
Date de soumission : 18/01/2005
Critères : N (a.i.)(b.i.)(a.iii.)(b.iii.) (a.iv.)(b.iv.)
Soumis par : Barbados World Heritage Task Force /Coordinating Committee Bay Street, St. Michael, Barbados
Liste du PM (nom,id) :
État, province ou région :
Brève description
Barbados is about 32 km long and 23 km across at its widest dimension. The island is characterized by several distinctive
and in parts unique geological, geographical, biological, as well as cultural features, most of which are located in the
Scotland District. The first peculiarity is the location of the entire island of Barbados, which stands in isolation in front of
the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles. Furthermore, all those islands consist essentially of volcanic rocks, yet
Barbados does not have a volcano but instead has a base of sedimentary rocks that are covered by terraces of carbonate
rocks. Barbados also has an amazing array of sedimentary rock formations and structural geological features, including
mud diapirs, the largest of which is in the subsurface of the Scotland District. The highest elevation of Barbados is Mount
Hillaby in the Scotland District, 340 m above sea level. Although small by comparison to some of the volcanoes in the
islands of the Lesser Antilles, Mount Hillaby, and with it the Scotland District of Barbados, is the summit of an elongated
submarine mountain range that is several hundreds km long, extending from Trinidad to about Puerto Rico. The Scotland
District is the only location in the entire Caribbean where this mountain range is above water. Geologically this range is
called an “accretionary prism”, which is a thick wedge of sediments that forms on the ocean floor at the junction of two
tectonic plates that are pushed together, such as the Atlantic and the Caribbean plates. Continuing compression further
deforms and pushes the accretionary prism upwards. The island of Barbados is growing in size as a result.
Physiographically, the Scotland District appears as a half bowl containing the hilly highlands of Barbados, with a dense, in
parts jungle-like vegetation, quite unlike the rest of the island, which is rather flat, deforested, and commonly used for
agriculture. The overall shape of the Scotland District is that of a round bowl cut in half by the Atlantic ocean that borders
along the straight east coast, with sand beaches and dunes. The remainder of the Scotland District is bordered by a
variably steep cliff face. The lively topography in the interior of the half bowl is the result of the interplay of complex
tectonic folding, faulting, and surface erosion, which commonly leads to landslides. These also are the reasons why the
Scotland District is relatively sparsely populated and not used for agriculture, except in some very small pockets. The
Scotland district contains rocks about 30 to 50 million years old, namely clay stones, sand- and siltstones, volcanic ash
layers, chalk, and radiolarite (chert or flint, when hardened), as well as some odd rock formations such as mineral
concretions that resemble huge canon balls. Most of these rocks are folded and faulted in a complex way. Oil has formed
from some of the rock layers, and the so-called Scotland Sandstone hosts several oil fields at depths of about 1,000 to
2,000 m. Oil even reaches the surface in a few natural oil seeps in the Scotland District. In some locations the oil is
oxidized and solidified to tar-like substance called ‘manjak’.