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Human Anatomy
Study Emphasis sheet – The Skeletal System
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Microscopic: Know and be able to identify all components of the Haversian system.
Major landmarks of bones and terminology – i.e. tuberosity, facet. Condyle, foramen, etc.
Classification of bones and example of each – long, irregular, sesamoid, etc.
Regions and components of a typical long bone- epiphysis, , diaphysis, periosteum, etc.
Cartilage: classifications and locations – i.e. fibrocartlage, intervertebral discs , etc.
Axillary skeleton – bones and specific structures
a. Skull
i.
Frontal: frontal sinuses, glabella region
ii.
Parietal
iii.
Temporal: mastoid process, zygomatic process, external auditory meatus, mandibular fossa,
petrous portion, internal auditory meatus
iv.
Occipital: occipital protuberance, foramen magnum, condyles
v.
Sphenoid: greater wings, lesser wings, sella turcica, optic foramen, pterygoid processes
vi.
Ethmoid: cristal galli, cribriform plate, perpendicular plate, lateral masses, ethmoid sinus
vii.
Mandible: body, angle, ramus, mandibular condyles, alveolar processes
viii.
Nasal
ix.
Lacrimal
x.
Vomer
xi.
Inferior Nasal Concha
xii.
Zygomatic: zygomatic arch
xiii.
Palatine
xiv.
Maxilla: alveolar processes
xv.
Hyoid
xvi.
Ear ossicles: incus, malleus, stapes
xvii.
Sutures: know all
b. Vertebrae – differentiate between the five types:
i.
Cervical: atlas, axis, spinous process, dens, vertebral foramen, bifid spinous process
ii.
Thoracic
iii.
Lumbar
iv.
Sacral
v.
Coccyx
c. Ribs - true (7 pairs) and false (5 pairs), costal cartilage, tubercle
d. Sternum - manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid process
7. Appendicular skeleton (Superior)
a. Clavicle- sternal end, acromial end
b. Scapula – superior border, vertebral (medial) border, axillary (medial) border, spine, vertebral foramen,
pedicle, acromial process, coracoids process, glenoid fossa, supraspinatus fossa, infraspinatus process
c. Humerus: head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubercle, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle,
capitulum, trochlea, olecronon fossa, deltoid tuberosity
d. Radius- ulnar notch, styloid process, radial tuberosity, head, neck (anatomical and surgical)
e. Ulna – olecranon process, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch
f. Carpals- know individual bones
g. Metacarpals
h. Phalanges- proximal, medial, distal
8. Appendicualr skeleton ( Inferior)
a. Pelvis: os coxae (coxal bone), coccyx, obturator foramen
b. Os coxae (coxal bone)
i.
Ilium: iliac crest iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, acetabulum
ii.
Ischum: Ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch
iii.
Pubis: pubic symphysis, pubic crest
c. Femur: head, greater/lesser trochanter, linea aspera, medial/lateral condyle, intercondylar notch.
d. Tibia:lateral/ medial condyle, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus, anterior crest
e. Fibula: head, anterior crest, lateral malleolus
f. Tarsals: calcaneous talus, know individual bones
g. Metatarsals
h. Phalanges: proximal, medial, distal
9. Fetal Skeleton
a. Composition of the skeleton (mostly cartilage)
b. Skull: know all the bones/ sutures/ fontanels; the location of the ossification
10. Articulations
a. Structural classification and specific examples: i.e. fibrous – sutures
b. Movement and specific examples
c. Cartilaginous joints and specific examples
d. Synovial joints and structure
i.
Types: gliding, hinged,pivot, etc, and locations
ii.
Subcategories: uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
e. Joint disorders
i.
Bursitis
ii.
Sprain
iii.
Dislocations